Appraising and Developing Staff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

evaluate and Developing Staff - Essay ExampleIt should be clear to the parties involved in the appraisal plow that the outcome of the appraisal process may be positive or negative, but the intention is unremarkably positive for the employees. In essence, performance appraisal is meant to help the employees to evaluate their previous years prune and also develop strategies for improvement. They atomic number 18 empowered to overcome the challenges faced in the workplace for improved performance. It is principal(prenominal) to ensure that anxiety among the employees is controlled by ensuring that the appraisers demonstrate supportive and positive intentions for the employees. This is accomplished through positive criticism. credibility is also a significant aspect of effective employee appraisal. The technique applied for the appraisal should not be weird (Harris & DeSimone, 1994).It is important to develop performance cultures, which be significant in employee need. The goal theory of motivation explains the significance of managers who are able to enhance the pursuance of a common purpose. When the employees are aware of the goal that they are intending to achieve, they are motivated to be effective in the accomplishment of tasks. The experienced employees ensure that they nurse good performance and are hike upd to make the right decisions that can facilitate realization of the goal. Appraisers who encourage creativity are able to maintain a competent workforce. Employees derive enthusiasm from coming up with workable ideas that can be attributed to their ability to think critically. Failure to get such a prospect to demonstrate inventiveness may cause low spirits in the workplace especially when the employees are used to rely on the leader for decisions (Aguinis, 2009). Managers who pass on creativity in the workplace also promote organizational learning since workers are able to learn from the diverse inventions. They also learn together with th e workers. Clients are usually attracted to the

Visual Arts - David Henry Hwang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Arts - David Henry Hwang - Essay ExampleM. flirt is a persuasive Asian-American summercaterwright, chosen by Hwang because of his familiarity with the pessimistic stereotypes permeating through his work. His text uses sarcasm as a literary instrument by using the extreme cliches that it basically confronted. Though the use of sexuality and change ambiguity, authority reversals in M. romance efficiently illustrates the pessimistic effects of typecasts for sexuality and ethnicity. Through the groundwork of fiction of the Orient, the basic conflict of the playwright arises from the ultimate cause of the character collapse. Gallimards character serves as the main cause of the conflict in the playwright through the reflection of the Wests ill-timed supreme nature. Character comparison One of the most influential characters in the playwright is Cornelius Hackl. Hackl is a 33 years old leading clerk at a shop owned by Horace Vandergelder. In the first scenes of the play, Vande rgelder pronounces to Hackl that he has chosen to promote him to the status of the leading clerk in the shop later on thorough deliberation. The declaration that the shop owner had promoted Hackl to the leading clerk previously held his position and made the equaliser of the store realize that he is in a groove. As a result, he persuades Barnaby to join him for a night of the town in New York. While persuading him, Hackl comes across Irene Molloy in her hat store whilst he is imagining being a well-off trendsetter for a hat and in the process, falls in love with her. To declare Mrs. Molloy position from discovering that Hackl is a simple clerk, skirt Levi makes up a prodigal tale regarding him being matchless of the most sought-out bachelors in New York illustrating that he originates from a well-off family. Dolly Levi also worked Vandergelders shop because he desires. The moment Mrs. Molloy becomes aware of him afterwards she persuades that he and Barnaby takes his assistant t o a luxurious eatery. Hackl tags along with the take and does not inform her of the real story. This guilt builds up inside him and is detained when he cannot afford to pay the bill until a stranger discovers wallet. His wallet is filled with money and offers it to Hackl presuming that it had fell. A series of the misguided personalities and characters caused Miss Van Huysen to take place majority of the time in the following scenes. Hackl believes that Ambrose Kemper takes the personality of Hackl and eventually reconciles to take hold of their actual personalities and roles in the playwright. When M. Butterfly was initially performed in 1988 in Washington D. C. and then on Broadway analyses were absolutely assorted. Majority of the critics cognise that Hwang was a playwright of great talent. Nevertheless, the play has received much praise for the regularly strengthened by several strict criticisms. Positively, frank rich in the New York Times magazine defined M. Butterfly as a v isionary work that connects the history and the traditional of two entities. At the same time, the play was referred to as the intricate of infinity of Chinese boxes. Hwang contributed to the fact that majority of appreciative that the playwright through the generators ambition produced and staged in Broadway. The other character being compared in the playwright is Dolly Levi. Levi is one of the main characters and the one following those who entitled it. She is an inciter who does not mind creating corporate cards that state that she is qualified in handling varicose veins. Her presumed skills enabled her

Research Proposal Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Proposal - Research radical ExampleDespite this lot are still motivated to go for the procedure, doing more or lessthing that will drastically transfigure their lives for the better or for worse (Camille 93).Plastic surgery has been in existence for quite both(prenominal) prison term now in the history of the US and the world over. It is a big business in the US and statistics showed that despite the recession, the business was still booming. Statistics from The American Society of Plastic Surgeons show that Americans underwent 14 million ornamental procedures in 2010, spending approximately 10.1 billion in the process (Roger and Vanco). The procedure range from Botox, breast enhancements, to transplants and chin augmentation. Two kinds of plastic surgery are common, the reconstructive surgery after accidents and aesthetic surgery for purposes of peach tree (Engler 9). Much as plastic surgery has been used to solve clinical problems it has continuously created ethical proble ms and debates whether some of the procedures should go on or not.Reconstructive surgery has been carried out mostly for clinical purposes to correct problems that precipitate as a result of injury, accidents and tissue damage. It is mostly acceptable because of its ability to give victims a prevalent life they had before (Johnson and Whitworth 319). Cosmetic surgery on the other hand has been widely criticized by pile because of ethical questions that arise as a result of the procedure (Engler 30). Adjusting body parts or changing appearance for beauty purposes involves changing nature and creation which amount to questioning the creator as some argue. Despite this debate cosmetic surgery is still a big business and many people are still going for it despite warnings and consequences that come with some of the procedures (Roger and Vanco).There exists a lot of literature on the topic of plastic surgery that can inform this study. This study is built on a mixed approach kind of

Short answers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short answers - Research Paper ExampleThis is illustrated by Phillips curve where as unemployment falls, inflation increases. The brass should step in to solve unemployment problems according to Keynes. This is done through Central depository financial institution that ensures that there is more cash in circulation (Froyen, 1995).The classical would advocate that the Federal Government supply money so as to match the rate of unemployment growth. If the two do not match, then there get out be excess supply, which could be as a result of increased price of labour. In addition, the government should restrain from applying any stabilization measures (Tucker, 2011).Despite being expensive, the procedures employed by the United State do drugs and food administration are essential. This is to ensure that they are quality and fit for human consumption. The government washstand however, subsidize the prices so as to reduce their prices and be able to manage inflation (Harris, 2006). On t he separate hand, the government should not eliminate such requirements on hot dog content since it is not a basic need.A combination of fiscal and monetary policy should be employed in the period U.S. economy. Some of the fiscal policies include government purchases and transfer payments. On the other hand, monetary policies such as Open Market Operation among others could be employed (Tucker,

To what extend the bretton woods institutions have functioned to make Essay

To what extend the bretton woods institutions have functioned to make the valet de chambre economy less prosperous and less stable - Essay ExampleGlobal financial institutions were tell up such as the World Bank (WB), International monetary Fund, General Agreement on Tariffs and work and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The ideas behind Bretton Woods were open and guiltless markets to prevent spate blocs. Before World War II, countries competed against each other in an unhealthy manner in frugal nationalism. Trade discrimination resulted in few countries getting rich while countries that did not belong to blocs were left wing out of the bandwagon. This paper will discuss how institutions of the Bretton Woods Conference, namely the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the successor to the GATT which is the World Trade Organization failed their mandates of improving the international sparing order. The present frugal order is ba sed on a biased system in which strong nations imposed their preferences on other countries. The number of trade disputes pending at various arbitration bodies ar ominously increasing. These arbitration courts are perceived as favouring stronger nations in interpreting WTO rules although all members are bound to abide by the rules. The noble idea that free trade and open markets will raise the living standards of everybody, in the apprehension of a rising tide raises all boats, did not happen. Richer nations deal with weaker neighbouring countries by bilateral trade agreements (BTA) and free trade agreements (FTA) like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Asean Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). These agreements practice discrimination by the grant of most-favoured nation status (MFN) to countries in exchange for governmental or diplomatic considerations. These agreements violate the non-discrimination rule in the WTO charte r. Discussion The great Industrial renewing took posterior in imperial England 200 years ago. Foremost among these inventions was the steam engine. This propelled many industries such as coal mining and the iron ore and steel industries. A number of factors made England the right environment for which the Industrial Revolution took place. It has a primitive form of capitalism (in lieu of the existing feudal system in oftentimes of Europe back then), a melting pot of the greatest minds at that time which discussed novel ideas, the parachute of the manufacturing and textile industries and efficient ways of raising relatively-cheap capital at that time (at 5% only versus 20%-30% in Europe). England was the right fertile ground for capitalism. Karl Marx himself believed England favoured the growth of capitalism because it had all the ingredients. Its novelty as an economic system was attractive to many sectors because England had an excess population which needed to be re-deployed from farms. Capitalism provided the saving lenience for the government because people can be employed in factories in large urban areas by capitalists. The old feudal system gave way to new ways in the creation of wealth with manufacturing and exports. Capitalism became entrenched with the right combination of political and social changes (Hindess & Hirst, 1975288). The Industrial Revolution and capitalism are being discussed here to give the reader an overview of todays global order which is based on the economic system of capitalism. Before

Min business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

hour business plan - Essay ExampleIn this perspective, the cool point gourmet cover woof parlour needs to have an analysis of the market that is available in Vermont. The following areas will be essential in assessing the potential marketThe market analysis is expressed by the market size through the potentiality of the market and the volume that is characterized in particular potential area of investment. The ice parlor will tend to concentrate Vermont area that constitutes mainly the callowness. This will create a huge consumer base. This is because the youth are the main consumers of ice cream. This also makes up the potential market for a business entity. The info for the best area for the best place to invest may come from financial data from study competitor Ben and Jerrys ice cream and customer surveys. What gives the company an upper hand is the enthusiasm and a estrus for producing unique, tasty ice cream. This is the part where the team will capitalize on the oppon ents lack of new mix into the market and introduce variety to the market.This relates to the differences in the market. The differences are in terms of movements either upwards or downwards. The ice cream business is an open market that is by many competitors. However, the business tends to be reasonably since the investment capital is enormous. Therefore, cool point gourmet ice cream parlor will give other techniques to claw its customers. The business entity will use discounts, unique packaging and offers in order to lure customers. These actions will help to compete well with other businesses selling ice cream.The business entity will unpack information from the past to positively evaluate and predict possible growth of the business in the future. The ice cream business has been found to have an ease of growth. However, the business is dependent on the weather seasons. Its blossom is summer whereby it requires only a few weeks to be established. Another

Skip navigation links BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE Essay

Skip navigation links BFS 3440-07B BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR FIRE shield (BFS3440-07B) - Essay Exampleetail, the second and third for office space, and the fourth and fifth for apartments, the live haemorrhoid for separately floor starting from the first floor becomes lighter subsequently as it increases in level or distance from the street or ground. This claim can be supported by Sharrys variant of the Life Safety Code Handbook (1978), which states that the occupancy load of mercantile or retail stores is not less than 1 person for each 30 uncoiled feet taxation floor area of sales space for office or business occupancy, it is no less than 1 person per 100 square feet of gross floor area and finally, for apartments or residential occupancy, it is 1 person per 200 square feet gross floor area. From these figures alone, we can already foresee and surmise that the first floor will be the about densely populated followed by the second and third floors, and then the fourth and fifth.Perhaps as the resident site-safety engineer, though there is limited information given in this situation, it is imperative to assess live loads as close as possible to reality. This would give a crude idea of the dispersal of passel in any given building and the maximization of other safety measure that can excuse any damage, distortion, or discomfort to its

Pregant Women with HIV Infections Research Paper

Pregant Women with human immunodeficiency virus Infections - Research Paper physical exertionPregnant Women with HIV Infections Part A HIV/ assist is a malady that has had its implications on decree in a actu completelyy vast manner especially over the last two decades. The disease came to prominence around the year 1987 and since then the progeny of infections have been on the steady rise. The disease is bedspread through very m some(prenominal) distinct ways. There is the spread of the disease from having more sexual partners, the communion of sharp objects with a person already infected with the virus and finally yet importantly, there is that of heavy(predicate) women transferring the disease to their unborn babies. This paper will be very clear in expressing the issues face up by pregnant women with HIV/AIDS and the dissimilar readiness through which society observes and treats them. It is important to look at this issue because there is a lot of stigma around concer ning these women. The join States views the problem of these women in various perspectives and projects the best that it can through the healthcare system to ensure that they receive the amount of care they require. The problems faced by these women are widespread and are all across the world but the different manners through which the healthcare organizations look at them is very important. One of the very important aspects of the issue that the United States health system focuses on is the counseling of these women so that they cannot feel left out or sort of feel weird. The women receive treatment in a manner through which they receive the best checkup care because there is also the focus on the health condition of the unborn pip-squeak. The screening of the women is kinda imperative for the research of other health issues that may make them weaker. When a person has HIV/AIDS, the snow-covered blood cells that are responsible for the guard of the body do not function corre ctly. It is for this reason that any other health condition is supposed to be given a priority to ensure that the women do not suffer a lot. This was study carried out by the National Institute of Child health and Human Development. The United States also takes the issue rather seriously from the manner in which medical practitioners offer the required prophylaxis. The government has a major role to play in this because there are many countries that have bills that have the family of the HIV/AIDS infected patient carrying the burden of paying the bills for the medication. The medication is very important as it assists in the healing of Opportunistic Infections. These infections were reported to have killed around 37% of all pregnant HIV/AIDS patients in the United States over the period between 1990 and 2000. The analysis make it very important for the government to bring in a program that ensured that the deaths resulting from these infections reduced (Adams, 2011). The issue of H IV/AIDS is taken in a rather serious manner in the United States from the number of bills that are passed regarding the issue. One of the bills passed ensured that among all the necessary tests taken by pregnant women when being admitted to hospitals, HIV/AIDS becomes one of them (Adams, 2011). The first step taken is immunization that also assists in protecting the unborn child from contracting the disease. The reason as to why the government decided to make a priority plot of ground handling pregnant women is from the manner through which parents

Mental space compared with physical space Essay

Mental shoes compared with physical shoes - Essay ExamplePhysical space can be objective as it mud and exists regardless of the thought process of that of the recipient.Mental space ties apprehension with the physical world. Ones thought process and perception of events whitethorn vary depending on the individual. What one may see another may interpret differently. For example, if two people see the exact same gondola shot, one may have a different story as to how the entire event unfolded compared to that of nigh one else. There are also various externalities that may affect the perception process sledding ones interpretation to differ from the other.However, citing the example, what was factual is that an accident took place. The physical space that incurred the accident is actual and the car accident is tangible as it can be touched and it exists. Regardless of perception the fact the accident occurred remains and is virtually true. The difference between mental space and physical space can impact ones perception on social, political and culture issues.The mental space encumbers ones immediate experiences, imagination, perceptions and past circumstances that helped mold them into the reliable person of today. Linking these characteristics to the physical space determines ones invite of reality. What may be deemed reality by that person doesnt disembowel that perception true. For instance, using the aforementioned example of the car accident, the bystander who viewed that accident may give testimony to the law of nature about the surrounding events of the car accident. The bystander reports what they believe to be reality when in fact it is only their view of reality. The fact the accident happened is true, however what the bystander reports seeing may not be true however it is their reality.This happens in court testimonies and when it is time to identify the perpetrator. Countless people have been released from prison only after desoxyribonuclei c acid testing proved their innocence. The victims have picked out the

Plato and Aristotle on the Just Man and the Good Citizen Essay - 1

Plato and Aristotle on the Just Man and the Good Citizen - Essay ExampleIn fact, these very virtues make a urban center or an individual clean - Then a just man wont differ at all from a just city in respect to the form b of justice (Plato, 110) This discussion starts from the state aim and eventually moves down to the level of an individual but Plato makes it absolutely clear that the presence of the above mentioned virtues in an individual citizen leads to a state, which has these resembling virtues.In The Republics Book XIII, there exist many examples showing how an unjust troupe shapes the souls of its citizen. The vice versa then should also be true. Therefore, it can be derived from this discussion that there exists a cordial of virtuous circle between the state and a citizen. They are both cause and effect of severally other. To sum this up, it can be said that a state shapes the souls of its inhabitants meanwhile the nation itself is a harvest of all the individual so uls comprising it. If this structure is disrupted, harmony pull up stakes suffer, inner conflict will increase and this cogency lead to the whole set-up coming down.Plato believes that the most important goal of education is knowledge of Good. In the assumed city of Kallipolis, there are three different classes the producers, guardians and the rulers. All these three classes have some specialised qualities that they need to display in order to make Kallipolis the just city. The guardian class needs to be the educated group who will be able to absorb all the laws in the vanquish possible manner -Hence the guardians must above all protect their system of elementary education, for this provides the reading in civic virtue without which no system of laws, no constitution, can hope to achieve (Plato, 94)The rulers of the city need to possess wisdom, using which they ensure that the city will have good judgment and will be really wise. Since an ideal city needs to be governed by

The Value of Ethical Theories for Providing Moral Decisions Essay

The Value of Ethical Theories for Providing Moral Decisions - stress ExampleWhen a person tries to achieve something with a help of cheating, he exposes weakness and inability to deform the goal with own strength. Such person shows the lack of any respect to the sport rules and regulations. The most valuable thing for him is a victory, disregarding the ways of getting it. However, real sportsman is able to cherish pleasing as well as the process of competition and game per se equally, because only in a fair game it is possible to enjoy the moment of victory in the fullest way. The queries of breaking rules are the problems of unload of sport ethics along with existence of weak moral principles.In addition to personal understanding of what is welcome and what is not, there is also a matter of existed NCAA rules that seem to be not effective. In this respect, it is very inwrought to provide higher academic standards with reviewed rule book and set new parameters for athletic sch olarships. As Nevin Shapiro stated, I did it because I could and because nobody stepped in to stop me. It is well known that NCAA can not control boosters, donators and mentors, and players, coaches and their assistants should be always under careful watch. The consequences of the Miamis scandal lie not on the players, who, perhaps, due(p) to own young age did not realize what they were doing, but on coaches, who overlooked the situation or merely concealed it.Consequently, for not losing self-respect and recognition of surrounded people, it is vital to comply with main rules in a fair sport competition.

Hypothetical situations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

sibylline situations - Assignment ExamplePersonal honesty is a moral standard that should guide committed and utilize engineers. With personal honesty, civil engineers bequeath construct bridges not with the greed of making money nevertheless with the honesty of using appropriate proportionality of the required material that will enhance reputation of the engineers, higher rank of the structure and safety of the users.Secondly, engineers distinctively should practice with the mindful care of the environment. Since their area of practice and geographic expedition is the immanent environment, therefore it would make more sense if they cared for it more as a form of long-term investment. If their exploration is guided by short time gains and personal interest, then the environment is at risk of universe over-exploited. This will leave the future generation with serious risks (Aristotle & Reeve, 2014). It is, therefore, arguable that the two virtues have a military posture on a wider scope of significance and inside them, there is a host virtue that will be put into practice such as avoiding bribery, ensuring public safety, fairness and conflict of interest.Q2.In the fork up time of arrogance, people who have humility and full of virtues are considered as weak and timid. One of my acquaintances who had excelled in his A-level examinations had full-blown arrogance as the happiest of all the candidates who sat for those final examinations. At the same time, a schoolmate that did averagely on the exam was happy that he had gone through the governing body, which he out rightly considered as not strategic for him. He had great ideas of entrepreneurship that made him get the breakthrough. With humility and his humble stature, he industrious a number of the poor and paid them honestly.In the fullness of time, the brightest student of our time went through the system with every holiday working as the part-timer on the business empire that the failure had develo ped. On reflection,

Juvenile Delinquency in Hidalgo County Research Paper

new Delinquency in Hidalgo County - Research Paper ExampleThe violent crime rate is lower in the MSA where Hidalgo belongs beca purpose it is 319.20 compared to the Texas rate of 408.60 and the country rate of 386.9 (FBI, 2012). In other words, the total crime rate in Hidalgo County is high than the state, particularly its property crime rate, although it has a lower violent crime rate than the latter. When discussing inner circle social movement in the Hidalgo, the Texas Fusion Center Intelligence and Counterterrorism Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety (2013) offers only a rough sketch of gang activities in the region where Hidalgo is in Texas Gang Threat Assessment 2012. This subject field stressed that there are approximately more than 2,500 gangs in Texas and Hidalgo County is in a region where gang activity is highest.There are several parts of Texas that have the highest concentration, and Hidalgo is one of them. Hidalgo is in Region 3, ground on this asses sment. In Region 3, the most notable gangs are Tango Blast (Corpitos, Vallucos), Texas Syndicate, and Texas Mexican mafia (Texas Fusion Center Intelligence, 2013, p. 17). Tango Blast engages in violence and Mexican cartels, Texas Syndicate commits violent crimes, as well as human and drug trafficking, while Texan Mexican Mafia is involved in organized crime, extortion, and distribution of black tar heroin (Texas Fusion Center Intelligence, 2013, p. 10).To deal with these gangs, the state and county offices use different initiatives to tap the resources and systems of local, state and federal law enforcement and state and federal prosecutors. In general, they integrate resources crosswise intelligence, police, investigative, and prosecution agencies/individuals.

Multimedia assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multimedia - Assignment Exampleadobe brick Soundbooth is audio editing softw ar package. The user plunder create and edit multiple tasks in the program to edit an audio track. The software was not very popular due to its complex interface and usability. The software releases were stopped in 2011 and Adobe Audition has replaced it.Adobe Flash is animation software. User can use this software to animate text, all the same images and graphics designed on separate software programs. Adobe Flash is commonly utilize in web advertisement, games etc.Autodesk Maya is platform to create animated 3D videos. It can also be used to create powerful animation, modeling and simulated videos. Companies are using Maya to create animated films, simulated videos for schools and other professional environment and games etc.1. Interactive and static multimedia objects have also revolutionized the Anatomy. Tools discussed above are widely used to create effective educational demos and animated videos to show how there anatomy can be used and employed.

At home Midterm - research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

At cornerstone Midterm - - Research Paper ExampleBut plasma level was significantly lowered totally in the group treated with 4 cups of light-green tea per day and the mean drop of plasma cholesterol was 17.2%. Findings of this study confirm the therapeutic effect of green tea on lowering cholesterol. health benefits of green tea have been extensively studied in animal experiments and in some mankind longitudinal and experimental trials specially using healthy individuals. These health benefits believed to be occurred due to high levels of polypenoles in green tea (Kuriyama et al, 2006). Scientists suggest green tea can be a one cont intercept for low incidents of cardio vascular disease and cancer among Japanese and Chinese.Kuriyama et al (2006) carried out an 11-year follow-up study to fall upon effect of green tea on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes of death in Japan. This study recruited 40530 Japanese adults of age 40- 79 years. Their green tea consumption a nd cause of death were recorded. During the follow-up 4209 participants died and 892 deaths caused by CVD succession 1134 deaths caused by cancer. Statistical analysis showed death from CVD was significantly lower among the participants who consumed 3 or more cups of green tea daily than who consumed lower amounts after adjusting for age and sex. However no protective effect was put together against the cancer.Another double blind experimental trial was carried out by Nagao et al in 2005. In this study experimental group was given 690 mg/d containing green tea extract verses 22 mg/d catchechins containing oolong tea for the control group for 12 weeks after two-week specific diet. Their physical structure weights, BMI, shank circumference, body fat mass, subcutaneous fat area and malondialdehyde-modified LDL were measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The group treated with green tea extract showed a significant reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL than that of the oolong tea group.A placebo controlled

Trends in Workplace Essay Example for Free

Trends in Workplace EssayThe ancient Chinese verbalise May you live in interesting snips has perhaps never been more(prenominal) than relevant. As the mid-nineties draw to a close and the new millennium fast approaches, life is phenomenally interestingand demanding. Professionals who be prudent for workplace culture and per beance improvement argon squ arly in the center of the swirl of fire possibilitiesand requirementsthat be emerging. The inextricable link mingled with rapid technological change and the emergence of the global deliverance has created the necessity for profound change in the mood people and organizations work. As a result, workplace discipline is arguably more strategic to the free-enterprise(a) advantage of both individuals and employers than at all point in all of recorded history. So its a great time to be in this profession. b arly on with the tremendous opportunity that this period of economic history has brought surveil unprecedented requirements and responsibilities.The same technological advances that be behind the rapid emergence of a truly global economy are forever ever-changing both the demand for and supply of workplace culture opportunities. This article is the third of ASTDs annual reports that identify study trends that are affecting the field of workplace development and performance improvement. The to a lower placelying trends that were identified in the initiatory two of these articles (see the November 1996 and 1997 issues of Training Development) are longstanding and non likely to change in the near term. quad particularly noteworthy demand-side exploitations are the developing effort habituated to managing cognition, the integration of reading and communication functions, a resurgence of interest in leadership development and executive coaching, and the intensifying requirement among employees that career development become an integral part of their employment relationship.The suppl y-side developments to follow are those that hold the potential for revolutionizing the way in which work and discipline occur the Internet, intelligent tutoring systems, nurture objects, and voice recognition. Two important developments in the mart for workplace learning, where supply meets demand, are the on-going consolidation within the supplier community and the creation of an electronic marketplace where buyers and sellers of learning products and tools stack meet virtually. Demand and supplypowerful, global forces thatcannot be escaped but that can be harnessed to your advantage. So read on for a glimpse of what the world holds in store for you as the new year and the new millennium unfold. And as you read, keep in mind early(a) old sayingforewarned is forearmed.The demand for workplace learning and performance improvement Periods of rapid change create a premium on learningfor both individuals and organizations. Prosperity and flummoxth are the strengtheners for tho se who are the fastest at learning and putting their learning into action stagnation and decline are the penalties for delay. In an era when it is cognition alternatively than physical assets that increasingly defines competitive advantage, the process of managing acquaintance becomes a central part of the learning process.cognition focussing.According to about observers, the industrial eras successorthe discipline age, in which white-collar jobs exceeded blue-collar jobs and entire industries arose simply to function companies manage and process educationis already at or past the midpoint of its life cycle. The ever-declining cost of impact information has made it universally lendable. Indeed, information has become a commodity that is readily bought and sold. As a result, it is no longer enough to define competitive advantage. Gone are the days, for example, when banks could compete exclusively on the basis of which had the fastest information technology or which could slice and dice their account information in more ways than anyone else. thereof, the rapidly growing interest in knowledge as the new descent of competitive advantage and the realization that we keep now entered a new erathe knowledge era. In umteen ways, this is nothing new at all. A firms knowledgethe brains of its employees, their know-how, the processes and customer knowledge that they createhas always been a source of competitive advantage.And by extension, so too has been knowledge carethe processes by which a firm creates and leverages knowledge. Whatis unique about the knowledge era is that knowledge is becoming the primary source of competitive advantage within a growing number of industries. Organizations from industrial-era industries, such as automobile manufacturing, to information-age industries such as consulting are recognizing that they each have a unique storeho recitationof knowledge, and that the future belongs to those that can grow their knowledge fastes t and then apply and use it best. With the benefit of hindsight, it is apparent that in the knowledge era, creating and supplement knowledge is the business of business.By all available measures, the stock market is already providing handsome rewards to companies that thrivingly leverage their knowledgea phenomenon that will almost surely grow in significance as knowledge-based organizations increase in size and number. A number of firms are anticipating this and spirit to knowledge heed to enhance, measure, and manage the knowledge of their employees and organizations more effectively.Why manage knowledge? There are a variety of reasons for the emergence of knowledge management as a real business concern. Among them is the messy transition from industrial-based production and work systems to information-based systems, which rendered many functions and people obsolete. though downsizing seemed to be the answer of the 1980s, this butchers spit approach often resulted in the los s of valuable knowledge rather than the financial gains that firms expected. Knowledge management offers, instead, a surgeons scalpel that sharpens and refines the honour of people and what they know. Certainly, the exponential growth of information technology and the plummeting cost of information bear upon also helped by laying the technological foundation for the emergence of knowledge management.A necessary, but in no way sufficient, part of most knowledge management efforts is a set of technologies for capturing and synthesizing information from which knowledge can be created and sharedtechnologies such as intranets, Lotus Notes, electronic performance upkeep systems, and specialized software. These technologies put forward not only wide and instantaneous access to information by people inside and immaterial firms who previously lacked such access, but also to the contextual cues that transform information into knowledge. Results from one of the first benchmarking studies on knowledge management, by the American Productivity and Quality Center, suggest some(prenominal) other reasons for its rise, including the ask to enthral what employees learn through customer contact.Empowered employees who had no way of sharing new solutions or innovations. sexual and external benchmarking as a way of finding best practices increasingly global and geographically discharge scarperments customers seeking firms who leverage knowledge to meet their trains the rise of knowledge work and increase need for collaboration the need for increased responsiveness and shorter cycle times. What exactly is knowledge management? like the fable of the blind men and the elephant, what knowledge management means to people depends on which part they are touching. For many, knowledge management is simply a more contemporary label for what they have already been doing under the rubric of information management, total quality management, cultivation, the learning organiz ation, electronic libraries, and so on.Adding further confusion is that some cast the knowledge management net more wide than others. Karl Erik Sveiby, an early advocate of knowledge management, views it as the art of creating value from an organizations intangible assets. For others, knowledge management is confined to the management of the codified, formalized, explicit forms of knowledge such as repositories of lessons learned, documents, databases, and company yellow pages, rather than all intangible assets. In their book Creating the Knowledge-Based Business, David Skyrme and Debra Amidon define knowledge management as the explicit and systematic management of vital knowledge and its associated processes of creating, gathering, organizing, diffusion, use, and exploitation. Perhaps the best way to understand knowledge management is to take a closer look at some examples of what companies in truth do when they make knowledge management a priority. In a now classic study, tomcat Davenport, along with Mike Beers and Dave DeLong, of Ernst youthfulness found that knowledge management initiatives tend to fall into one of several categories, including creating and storing knowledge in repositories measuring the financial value of knowledge facilitating the transfer of knowledge creating a knowledge-sharing environs.The most common initiativeconstruction knowledge repositoriesis intended to take some form of knowledge that has been extracted from peoples heads and store it in an information system for later access. For example, Hewlett Packard and Sequent Computer both have systems that store sales-oriented documentswhite papers, presentations, marketing collateralfor access bytheir field salesforces in selling computers. former(a) knowledge repositories are less structured, consisting of the insights and observations of employees, sometimes called discussion databases or lessons-learned systems. Some repositories do not hold the knowledge itself, but point to those who have knowledge. Hewlett Packard, for instance, has expert repositories for researchers in its HP Laboratories and Corporate Education groups. A number of firms have undertaken initiatives to measure and manage the economic value of their knowledge.Two of the most widely known firms that have focused on value are Skandia and Dow Chemical. Skandia, the Swedish insurance company whose focus on intellectual capital is perhaps the most widely known, in the first place addresses the measurement of value. Dow focuses more on the management of value by harvesting little-used patent and license assets. many an(prenominal) firms have knowledge transfer, the third type of initiative, as their primary objectiveeither through technology or tender means. BP Exploration has built a desk jacket videoconferencing system to enable workers at remote exploration sites to change over their knowledge with each other. UNISYS relies upon virtual group rooms to allow members of a particular project team to share files and communicate on a regular basis.Yet, other initiatives do not address any specific knowledge domain, but rather try to improve the overall knowledge environment by fostering an appreciation for knowledge and a culture of sharing. These projects may focus specifically on the reward systems for evaluating knowledge generation, sharing, or use. Given the fact that much of the interest in knowledge management has come about because of advances in information technology, it should come as no surprise that most of the initiatives falling into the just-described categories are centered around the introduction or use of information technology. A abide by by the Ernst Young Center for Business Innovation found, for instance, that technology-centered efforts dominated the specific knowledge management projects of the 431 U.S. and European organizations that participated (see the table). The same survey found that information technology (IT) departments were tw ice as likely to lead knowledge management projects as any other part of the organization.Knowledge management roles. Companies going down the knowledge management road, change surface after just a few timid steps, find that it wont happen on its own. Sure, knowledge has been gathered and shared as long as people have been able to communicate, but leveraging knowledge for business success requires that someone have explicit responsibility for making sure it happens and happens well. Hence the rise of the chief knowledge officer (CKO), theatre director of intellectual capital, and chief learning officer (CLO). Though responsibilities may vary from firm to firm, this new executive-level position is typically charged with organizing, capturing, and distributing the organizations knowledge. Some of the most widely known people with titles such as these include CLO Steve Kerr of General Electric (GE), CKOs John Peetz of Ernst Young and Judith Rosenblum of Coca-Cola, and Leif Edvinsson , director of intellectual capital for Skandia.One estimate suggests there may be more than 250 firms in the unify States with positions such as these. However, the jury is still out on the value of CKOs, CLOs, and the like. Though slightly more than half of the participants in Ernst Youngs survey said that a CKO could be valuable for their organization, only about 28 percent said that establishing new knowledge roles would make sense for their organization. Regardless of whether knowledge management is given a seat of its own in the boardroom, large firms especially discover quickly a need for a host of knowledge film directors.The knowledge management roles for managing Pricewaterhouse Cooperss intranet KnowledgeCurve and its 150 Lotus Notes servers in the United States is an refined example. More than 100 people in the firms knowledge management organization report to Ellen Knapp, its CKO. This number does not include the owner, moderator, and administrator of each discussion group or her power user council of more than cc KnowledgeCurve champions in PricewaterhouseCoopers. These positions are small for capturing the best knowledge in the organization, ensuring the quality of knowledge, and supporting the smooth operation of the entire system.No one said it would be easyNo matter what knowledge management projects organizations undertake or how they support them, we already know that road is paved with obstacles andfraught with complexity. Ernst Youngs survey reveals that the top four difficulties most organizations are likely to face fall into the areas of culture, measurement, quality, and money (see the table below). Overcoming technological limitations, by contrast, came in nearly last (15 percent).Larry Prusak of the IBM Consulting Group warns, When it comes to successfully managing knowledge, culture trumps all other factors. Some organizations are fortunate to have had a knowledge-sharing culture before beginning to formalize their knowledge ma nagement. These firms, typically hi-tech or knowledge-driven organizations, according to Davenport and Prusak in their book Working Knowledge, have the advantage that they already attract and hire employees who sought and applied knowledge while in school. Other organizations, however, must cultivate such a culture by providing anenvironment that encourages and rewards the sharing and use of knowledge. People must be given the time and opportunity to share and then be reassured that their contributions will be recognized. Perhaps the most critical condition for overcoming a culture in which knowledge is seen as power is senior management support for knowledge management.Robert Buckman, CEO of Buckman Laboratories, puts it moresuccinctly Frankly, I do not think you can have a successful knowledge project without that proactive entrepreneurial support from the top. Other firms find success by building their knowledge management efforts off of groups or parts of the organization that already share knowledge. Is knowledge management a passing fad? Today, it does seem that there is more talk than action. Thomas Stewart, the Fortune pickup writer who first called the business worlds attention to the importance of peoples brainpower, warns that knowledge management has the potential for becoming a fad solely because of the money to be made from the information technology tools that frequently support it.But the forces behind its emergence are real and fundamental, and likely to continue. One thing is certain Managing knowledge is not a well-defined process. There are many questions that remain unanswered. What knowledge should you keep and what should you toss international? How do you capture the knowledge of chance hallway conversations? How do you avoid the perception that having the latest, best computer hardware or software equates to managing knowledge? How do you make tacit knowledge explicit? On the other hand, the potential benefits are enormous. Those fi rms who answer those questions will benefit from knowledge management by increasing the measurement of learning that takes place making work less frustrating and onerous making the promise of the learning organization a reality creating knowledge, insight, and understanding that can help people in their lives outside of work. every last(predicate) of which will be essential to competing in the knowledge era.Learning and employee communication theoryThe business imperative to speed organizational learning has created new functions within organizations to speed up the process of creating, capturing, and disseminating information and knowledge. The same forces that are creating a focus on knowledge management are causing firms to combine their learning and communications strategies. As training moves to learning, more and more organizations are looking to foster a learning environment to piggyback on training or to create an architecture in which learning, both formal and informa l, is ongoing and consistent. As a relatively young company, Qualcomm (founded in 1985), a San Diego-based wireless communications company, did not have an national communications department. So when the director of the learning department, Tamar Elkeles, decided she needed to better communicate Qualcomms learning and training initiatives to employees, she created a subdepartment within the learning department, called employee communications.Different from corporate communications, which is located at the headquarters initiation and focuses on external publicrelations, employee communications informs employees about more than just training events this group has fictive responsibility for communicating the companys training and learning philosophy, as well as its culture and values. The use of the companys intranet Website for information exchange, as well as for more formal distance learning, has been an essential tool in Qualcomms employee communications efforts. Employee commun ications has been a part of Silicon Graphicss learning and development department for some time. Drew Banks, manager of integrated performance support at SGI, believes that intranet-based distribution of information was the catalyst that made combining learning and development with employee communications work. But he thinks that the underpinning philosophy that drives it is the view that organizational communication and learning are both on the same continuum.Lars Thykier, director of training at Scandinavian Airlines System, agrees The border between training/learning and internal communications is increasingly difficult to draw. And, he continues, There is increasing awareness that internal communications are also learning activities, meaning that there is a need for closer ties between the two strategies. If a corporate learning department is set up for broad-based corporate learning (not just skill-based training), says Banks, then this combination can make sense. In fact, he s ays, it is one of the four logical placements of an employee communications department (as shown in table). The placement of employee communications within an organization should depend on which goal is more difficult to achieve without an organizational linkage. For example, in a command-and-control culture, the first option in the table is best. Additionally, says Banks, any one of these goals could be more critical than the others depending on where the company is in its life cycle. This would mean that the organizational placement of employee communications could change over time.The increasing overlap of learning and employee communications within organizations originates from the need of an organization to link its functional silos, says Michele Miller, director of knowledge, strategy, and facilitation at Arthur Andersen. Much like the trend toward combining learning and performance consulting, organizations are melding learning and internal employee communications. Although m any organizations have recognized this need, says Miller, they are taking unlike approaches to address it. Some organizations, for instance, havelocated the employee communications department under the training department umbrella. Other organizations, like Arthur Andersen, are looking at creating stronger partnerships with broad-based groups that may have organizational responsibility for the knowledge and communications areas.This has resulted from the blurring of distinctions among communications, knowledge, and learning and from the increased importance of a holistic approach to address their different dimensions. The desire to move learning from discrete interventions to a complete learning environment appears to be pushing the integration of the learning and employee communications departments. Knowledge management, formal and informal learning, performance improvement, and intellectual capital enhancement appear to form the basis for this push, as well as a desire to help emp loyees better understand their organizations vision, mission, culture, and values. No longer content to work within the constraints of functional silos, learning directors have begun to take a more systemic view of informing and developing employees through the creation of their own, or integration with existing, employee communications departments.

Interpersonal Relationship and True Friend Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal Relationship and True Friend Es regulateTens of thousands, or one million? How many another(prenominal) people will we meet in a whole lifetime, and how many of them do we have relationships with? either person is born into a family without their choice, so they try to keep a good relationship with all(prenominal) family members to live happily, but sometimes it can be a misfortune for some people to foreshorten along with family members. However, we can choose to have good a relationship or not with acquaintances. Ive met with often of people, sometimes I dont get the chance to introduce myself, sometimes I had a good time with them, Sometimes I was disappointed by their behavior, and decided to say good-bye forever. in that location are many characteristics that determine whether a person is a friend or acquaintance. Con fountring my experiences, there are three types of acquaintances trustworthy friends, ex-friends, and temporary acquaintances. I believe for a person to be considered a unfeigned friend they must be trustworthy and loyal. Someone whom will always stick by your side through thick and thin and would not sell you out. A true friend needs to be fair, caring, and loving. A true friend is someone who can make you smile or laugh a person that will make you happy when you are sad.However, a true friend needs to be honest and must be able to tell you the truth even if it isnt pleasant to hear. A true friend needs to be able to tell you something that you might not want to hear. At the same time, a true friend needs to be someone who wont try to smorgasbord the way a person is and needs to be able to accept different personalities and characteristics. A true friend must know that it is very hard to gain trust however. it is easy to lose it. mountain might say that a life without a true friend is no life at all.On the other hand there are people who I cant say are friends anymore, so I consider them ex-friends. I was once cl ose to them because of good times, humor, first impression, or similar interests, but later found out they used me, lied, and were selfish. I sometimes felt resentful, and agnise I had better

Race Roits Essay Example for Free

Race Roits set ab protrudeIn order to conk beyond racism, we must(prenominal) first sequestrate account of there is no other way. And in order to treat some persons equ completelyy we must treat them differently blight A Blackman. It shows how racial tension in the midst of Afri notify Ameri squirts and gabardines evoke the shrieking because they were treated differently because of their race. The wampum race public violence occurred July 29, 1919 and it lasted for 8 eld and it was a turning point in dineros history. The riot occurred because of racial tension in the midst of African Americans and whites. The shekels race riot occurred July 29, 1919 and it lasted for 8 years and it was a turning point in Chicagos history.The riot occurred because of racial tension betwixt African Americans and whites. The riot was provoked by inequality, racial tension, and discrimination Prejudice, wars, and inventions have been going on since the commencement exercise of t ime, but in the 19th century that is when those three things are the most significant because it changed the atmosphere of the unite States. First, in the 19th century segregation was going on in the U. S, but more in the south than anywhere else. During the year of 1914 many of the states in the south required purloind entrances for blacks and whites.Next, in the 1910s the U. S just finished going into war. The decade was affected harshly because of the war. The war left the unify States with storage of food, money and etc. Finally, the 1900s brought new inventions to the United States. The First flight took place by the Wright brother, and Henry ford crated his first ford car model. Those inventions changed the way people took transportation making them get to their destination quicker. (Danzer, Alva, Krieger, Wilson, Woloch) Three street riots were East St. Louis, capital of Illinois, and Chicago.These three riots happen because of racial tension and inequality between African Americans and whites. First, in 1917 a riot stone-broke out in East St. Louis. The riot occurred because of racial tension. There was racial tension because the whites were on strike, so the owners decided to give the jobs to the African Americans. The whites were angered by this so they decided to take control and a riot broke out. Second, in 1908a riot broke out in Springfield because of inequality. The riot broke out in Springfield because an African American man was falsely accused of rape. Lastly, in 1919 a huge riot took place in Chicago.The riot occurred because of a death of an African American child. This riot was the biggest riot in Illinois history. So in conclusion, racial tension and inequality between African Americans and whites are the two main reasons why these riots occurred. (Encyclopedia of Chicago) The Division highway riot was a turning point on history because they showed how racial the governmental sympathies was, how violent and breakneck riots can be and how they riot can affect the atmosphere. First, in the Chicago riot there were cases were legal philosophy would only arrest African Americans for having possessions of weapons and not whites.There was also the case that sparked the Chicago riot when a police refused to arrest the gang that killed Eugene Williams. Chicago Race anarchy of 1919 The Chicago Race Riot of 1919. That shows that the government was very racial towards African Americans when it came to arresting or anything else during the riot because the police didnt help the African American man when Eugene Williams was drowning. Second, the riots showed how dangerous and violent they can become. In the Chicago riot it was so out of hand it wasnt until the government had to call in the State Military to calm down the riot. as well in the East St.Louis riot the National Guards had to be called in to stop the white mobs. Race Riot East St. Louis Race Riot July 2, 1917. This shows that the race riots became so out of hand that the Government had to call in the National Guards and the State Military because the riots were getting to out of control, and out of their reach and power. Lastly, the riots changed the atmosphere of the place where the riots occurred because it make many people suggested creating zoning laws to formally segregated housing in Chicago, or other restrictions preventing blacks to move in the equal workplace as whites.Some African Americans were rejected by liberal white voters. The riots made the two races not get along even more because before the riots there were already racial tension between African Americans and whites. So in conclusion, the Division Street riot was a turning point on history because they showed how racial the government was, how violent and dangerous riots can be and how they riot can affect the atmosphere. Discrimination towards African American provoked the riot. First, when Tabitha C Wong writes angry white workers lodged a formal complaint agains t black migration.After the meeting ended news of an attempted robbery of a white man by an armed black man began to circulate though the city. This explains how in the East St. Louis riot whites were angered when African Americans took their jobs. East St. Louis Race Riot July 2, 1917 Second in the Springfield riot the trial, the woman told the judge that she was not raped by the two men. Another place this can be seen is when Springfield, Illinois race riot writes some Mabel Hallem later(prenominal) recalled her accusative against George Richardson and Joe James when it was discovered she had probably pretended the story to cover up an affair. Second in the Springfield riot the trial for the African Americans were racially unfair. The Accused George Richardson Third, Steven Essig writes about the determination of many whites to deny African Americans equal opportunities in employment, housing and political representation has frequently resulted in sustained violent clashes. Some whites didnt want African American the same opportunity so they decided to deny them certain chances that whites would be able to do. (Encyclopedia of Chicago) Finally in the Springfield, East St.Louis, and Chicago riot dealt with discrimination which provoked the riot. Inequality provoked the riot making African Americans have fewer resources than whites. First, a abundant slip can be found in The pass and the Ghetto Neighborhood Deterioration and Middle Class Reform when Philpott writes about how they had no gas baths or toilets measure very bad toilet leaks bowl broken leak in kitchen sink (180). This shows that inequality between whites and African Americans made the African Americans have terrible living environment.Next, a great example can be found in The Slum and the Ghetto Neighborhood Deterioration and Middle Class Reform when Philpott dialog about how a write once summed up the Negro question by saying the matrimony has principles and the South has the Negroes. (146). It shows how the North (whites) had principles, and the South has Negroes (bad living environment). So it shows how because of inequality the African Americans didnt have a good housing opportunity. Lastly, since schools were segregated whites had a better learning opportunity than African Americans.When the schools were segregated the African Americans did not have the same learning opportunity as white. The teachers were not able to teach the African American children how to read, or write. Imprisoned or Teaching Free Blacks So in conclusion, inequality provoked the riot making African Americans have terrible living environments, terrible housing opportunities, and terrible education. racial tension provoked the riot making African Americans and whites not get along.First a great example of this can be found in Gangs that came to rule in seats of power when Kass writes about the Hamburgs ignited the worst and deadliest race riot in Chicagos history in 1919. That shows how the riot started because of the racial tension between African Americans and whites because they didnt get along. Second police were racial to African Americans. A great example of this can be found in Chicago and its eight reasons when the color writes about in one case a colored man who was trailer for weapons, and whites were not trailed, and they were all together in a bunch.This shows how the police didnt want to arrest whites, but they were spontaneous to arrest African Americans. It also proves that they were racist towards African Americans. Finally African Americans and Whites were segregated. A great example of this can be found when Essig writes about an African American teenager who had crossed an invisible account at 29th Street separating customarily segregated white and black beaches. That proves that white and black had separate things and they didnt get along.So in conclusion, gangs racial tension, and segregation were part of the racial tension that provoked the riot. The Division Street riots had an impact history because led to African Americans getting better treatment later on in history. First, the Springfield riot brought about the NAACP. The NAACP stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP was created to fancy the political right, educational, and social economic equality of minority groups Our Mission.The NAACP fought for African Americans to have better treatment. The NAACP was created afterward the Springfield riot because they wanted to make sure that African Americans and other minority groups have the same rights as whites. Second, the NAACP had led up to greater things. The NAACP was a major part in the Civil Rights cause with Martin Luther King as one of the leader NAAC 100 years of History leading African Americans by means of the Civil Rights movement taking them one step closer to integration.With Martin Luther king as one of the leadership of the NAACP and Civil Rights movement , with his dead and everything he did for the African Americans eventually led up to him being known as a great man, and making everyone in his time period including African Americans and Whites become segregated. Lastly, city officials organise the Chicago Commission on Race Relations to look into the cause of riots and find was to combat them. The Chicago Commission on Race Relations was created after the Chicago race riot.The Chicago Commission was a great source if information after the Chicago riot because they suggested several key issues including competition for jobs, thinking of ways to fix the problems. The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 In conclusion, the Division Street Riots were turning points in history because the NAACP was formed, the NAACP led up to greater things and the Chicago Commission fixing race relations and their problems. The Chicago riot occurred July,27 1919 and it lasted for 8 days and it was a turning point in Chicagos history.The occurred because of ra cial tension between African Americans and Whites. Inequality, racial tension, and discrimination provoked the riot. The Chicago Riot that lasted for 8 days and it was a turning point in History. Due to racial tension between African Americans and Whites a riot broke out . In Order to get beyond racism we ,must first take account of there is no other way. And in order to treat some persons equally we must first treat them differently- Harry A Blackman. Even though the Chicago riot left 38 people dead, it still was the most dangerous riot in Illinois History.

Clinical Journal One Essay Example for Free

clinical Journal One EssayThe nursing process is an mensuratement, diagnosis, plan, implementation and military rank of our tolerants. As a practical nursing student this is something we be chequering and improving on daily. appraisal is the almost important part of the nursing process. This process is becoming cle arr either day spent in the clinical setting. The evaluatement part of the process is done with every fundamental interaction of our longanimouss we are taught in school. I judgement how could that be assessing something takes a considerable amount of time so assessing every patient, every interaction sounded besotted to me. Currently my clinical setting is a post surgical unit. The sustains on this unit are registered nurses with alter amounts of experience. As I observe the nurses, I have noticed they actually do assess everyone, every time. I was amazed how easy this skill seemed to them of course experience helps in that area.I had the opportunity to enter an judgment of a month old child. During this experience I was able to understand the inlet sagacity I learned about in growth and development and it made more guts to me . I was able to take a set of vitals on this vitiate, weighed a diaper for the IO and was shown how to assess the IV site on an infant. I realize how very important a quiet baby is during the assessment because of this experience. Assessing an infant is different than adults. Infants are a bitharder to assess if they are not calm. roll babies respirations will increase. I learned how to feel for the fontanel and dehydration signs in infants. There is so many a(prenominal) parts to assessment and each and every part is an important step in keeping your patient on the path to recovery.Post-op assessment charter that you check patients pedal pulse, this is something I would not have plan to be important but I have since discovered that pedal pulse is a word of advice sign for post-op patients. Thesmall est part of assessing a patient is just as important as the biggest parts. So a pedal pulse takes a minute or two to be sure its stick and equal in both feet but the importance of doing this step in your assessment lasts forever because you deterred your patient a problem by doing a full head to toe assessment.Though, hands on assessments are most important, I have learned I do not alship canal have to bring up my patient to assess their condition. I basin learn a lot from them just by hearing to them and taking a good look at them. Patients also need more than a forcible assessment. Physical head to toe is done at the beginning of your shift but you do and you can assess everyone with every interaction.There are many parts to assessment. The physical, of course, but as a nurse you must figure out the needs of each patient beyond the physical. They need emotional tin as well. We must look at the whole picture when assessing. Do they need physical therapy? class care? Support services? Are they going to need additional information on ways to be safe at home. Maybe the patients going to a rehabilitation facility after drop down so they may need to be assessed for which facility they wouldgain the most from.We must assess if they require special equipment to improve on their independence. Assessing your patients doesnt stop at taking a pulse or blood pressure.So, assessment is very important and is easily done at every interaction at a time you see it done in the clinical setting. I still have so much to learn when doing a patient assessment but now I understand my role of assessing the patient as a licensed practical nurse and I understand the importance of every interaction assessment.Clinical Journal OneMilford Regional Medical CenterThe nursing process is an assessment, diagnosis, plan, implementation andevaluation of our patients. As a practical nursing student this is something we are learning and improving on daily. Assessment is the most importan t part of the nursing process. This process is becoming clearer every day spent in the clinical setting. The assessment part of the process is done with every interaction of our patients we are taught in school. I thought how could that be assessing something takes a considerable amount of time so assessing every patient, every interaction sounded absurd to me.Currently my clinical setting is a post surgical unit. The nurses on this unit are registered nurses with varying amounts of experience. As I observe the nurses, I have noticed they actually do assess everyone, every time. I was amazed how easy this skill seemed to them of course experience helps in that area.I had the opportunity to participate an assessment of a month old child. During this experience I was able to understand the doorway assessment I learned about in growth and development and it made more sense to me . I was able to take a set of vitals on this baby, weighed a diaper for the IO and was shown how to assess t he IV site on an infant. I realize how very important a quiet baby is during the assessment because of this experience. Assessing an infant is different than adults.

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Example for Free

Lamb to the Slaughter Es tell apartSir Arthur Conan Doyles style of reservation the reviewer want to read on is a world apart from Dahls efforts, although the actual plot hooks you without delay in any Sherlock Holmes tommyrot. Doyle focuses on the man himself to ensure the refs full attention to the story. He uses Holmes superb character, a man sharper than a knife, more cunning than a fox and an untouchable bilk record to reel in the readers. The way he talks, he acts and follows out investigations and eventually solving them gives the reader an air of unpredictability around Holmes. Questions roll through your mind as you advance through a story featuring the famous detective, of how he ever unveiled something so sealed from view, its beyond belief, how he cheated oddment in the most frightening circumstances. Sherlock Holmes intelligence as a detective is matched by none and its this that Doyle uses to keep the reader entertained and on the edge of his/her seat through out all of his Sherlock Holmes novels. Which proves that characters in a book, not forever and a day its plot make a story memorable.The shutdowns of the two stories were an underlining big fixings in what set them apart. Lamb to the Slaughter saw Mary Maloney murdering her husband spontaneously with a quaint object, which proved much to her advantage as the story ended with the local police, who were investigating the murder, eating the alto bilkher evidence to actually put Mary Maloney away for the ultimate crime. And in the other room, Mary Maloney began to giggle. As I read this, my feelings towards Mrs Maloney suddenly doubled back and began moving in the opposite direction.From the point when Mr Maloney sternly gave his loving wife the cold shoulder early on in the story, I had been resentful to him and a supporter of Mrs Maloney. Even when she had murdered her cold husband and proceeded to pull the wool over everyones eyes with her fineable conscience, I remained fait hful, hardly as I read that last sentence, Marys crime came into perspective and it repulsed me to see her get away with such a terrible crime and be smug most it. This however, in my sagaciousness was intended by Dahl.In a clever twist he had been playing with our emotions throughout and had leftfield it until the last moment to cease his spell over the reader. This ending was certainly unexpected and made the story twice as enjoyable and successful as it already was. The Speckled Bands ending, as mentioned earlier is vastly diverse from that of Lamb to the Slaughters. From the outset, the result of Holmes investigation was clearly obvious. No case goes unsolved when Sherlock Holmes takes it by the horns.The point of reading Holmes stories is in order to experience Sherlock himself, as explained earlier this is Sir Arthur Conan Doyles way of making the reader want to read on. Once again, Holmes didnt disappoint us by solving the case. He picked up on the detail much forgotten by myself, the event that Dr Roylott, Miss Stoners father had a allurement of animals inspired by his work in India. Once Sherlock had studied the room in which the dying of Helen Stoners sister had taken place, he had it in mind that a venomous snake was the culprit. This was in fact the reality of the matter and Sherlock had saved the day again.The way in which Holmes solved the case, as always provided the superb story we have come to expect from Doyle. Some of the blows of my cane came home, and roused its snakish temper, so that it flew upon the first soulfulness it saw. In this way I am no doubt indirectly responsible for Dr Grimesby Roylotts death, and I cannot say that it is likely to weigh very heavily upon my conscience. These final sentences of the story, not only demonstrate Holmes renowned intelligence, but wit as he printed a smile on my face with the final quip about the doctors death weighing on his conscience.The ending had me imagining a film adaptation of the story, Sherlock stepping from view, leaving a bemused Watson to follow, trusty notepad in hand, as credits rolled across the screen. To say what my favourite ending was would be unfair as I am evidently a Sherlock Holmes fanatic, but some(prenominal) stories were fantastic and worth the hour or so I spent on each. Show watch only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of legion(predicate) that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Organizational Structure EssayThis query focuses on the calling gladness level of employees at Emirates Technical Thermal Systems (ETTS), a construction bon ton found in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The data collected was examined in relation to the existing organisational structure within the business, which is primarily a hierarchical one. The study accepts information collected from three employee levels at ETTS, which include counseling, employees, and laborers. The kind between position in the work organization and job satisfaction for every level of the hierarchal distribution has been studied carefully both primary and secondary research has been conducted in order to stovepipe indicate where the problems lie, and the best ways of improving the current situations. The out come about and findings from this research have indicated a assoil imbalance across the current structure of the company. Job satisfaction is high amongst management, and consistently decre ases at the lower levels of the employee ladder. Job satisfaction plays an important role in the overall productivity of any given industry. condition the growing concern within ETTS regarding the aspect of performance, quality of work, and workforce upshots, little attention has been paid to workers at the lower levels of the organization hierarchy.IntroductionThere are many aspects of an organization and job role which come into play when analyzing the contributing factors to job satisfaction. In this research paper, a focus was placed on company structure, and the contribution of hierarchal distribution in an organization to job satisfaction. Research Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of the research was bar job satisfaction, in all its aspects, across the various segments within the organizational structure, in order to derive better understanding of where the gaps lie, the factors contributing to dissatisfaction, and the best ways of reconciling the issues. The reason why ETTS was selected is due to perceived issues in the organization in regards to communication and harmony across the various levels within its hierarchy, and perceived job dissatisfaction in lower levels. In conducting the research, job satisfaction at ETTS was examined, and primary research was segmented to include sample groups from every level of the organizational structures hierarchy.Key VariablesThe research paper pull up stakes analyze the issue by discussing the dependent variable (Job Satisfaction) in relation to the contributing independent variable (Organizational Structure). Job satisfaction will be measured by discussing contributory aspects, including employee engagement, job involvement, organizational commitment and perceived organizational support. The levels which were examined in relation to the organizational structure are management, employees and laborers.Company BackgroundETTS is a company specialise in electro-mechanical contracting. The company offers a full range o f services related to all types of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, refrigeration, galvanising and plumbing systems. The company was established in 1995, and has a definitive hierarchal structure. As detailed in the companys profile and stated hereunder Management The board of directors of the company, general managing director, operations manager and managers of all departments, branches and projects form the core management group. Employees Personnel who conduct various tasks in different disciplines and work to the above-mentioned managers. Labor force Consists of the manpower that carries out physically demanding work at construction sites. Hence, a definitive hierarchal structure is in place. At the top of the pyramid are those holding management positions, followed by employees, and finally laborers.Report StructureThis report will primarily delve into the literature review, which will detail the findings from secondary research on the topic of structure in relation to job satisfaction. A thorough description of the primary research findings will follow, in order to give an insight on issues that exist at ETTS, and a comparison of these, and previous findings from secondary sources, on the issue will be made. Next, a detailed conclusion based on the findings of the research will be discussed. Recommendations will be given in order to map the best ways of dealing with the existing issues within the organization. methodologyThe research methodology required gathering relevant data from both primary and secondary sources in order to analyze the material and arrive at a more complete understanding of the order of organizational hierarchy at ETTS on overall employee job satisfaction as illustrated below.Secondary infoThe bulk of the secondary data used to conduct this research was collected from the UOW online database. A Total of ball club scholarly research articles were derived from the university library database, adding to three which were o btained from the internet. One example of the articles used was published in the African Journal of Business Management in 2009 and is titled Job satisfaction Does rank make a difference? by S. Z. Eyupoglu and T. Saner. This study was used to relate job satisfaction to employee ranking. Another example is research which was published in the Career development international journal in 2010 titled Impact of life story plateau and supervisory support on career satisfaction by V. Wickramasinghe and M. Jayaweera. This research was examined to reflect the issuing of supervisory support on the overall job satisfaction. Besides the scholarly research articles listed in the name section, the textbook Organizational Behavior 15th edition by S. Robbins and T. Judge was utilized as a general guide.

Creating a united ummah between 622 and 632 Essay Example for Free

Creating a united ummah between 622 and 632 EssayExplain and mark on the ways in which Muhammad set ab turn up creating a united ummah between 622 and 632Key to explaining the construct of the united ummah is the admission by Islam of the wars that were necessary in achieving their aim.The Muslim belief about 622 is that Muhammad and the muhajirun who followed him from Mecca to Medina were mostly judge by most residents of Medina. The openation for this was that they had been asked there in the first place they were supposed to bring about a peaceful revolution in a city wrought with violence and feuds between seperate tribes of people. As such, Islam was going to be the heal on the wounds that were plighting Medina.The non-Muslim view however is that Jews and munafiqun had difficulties in accepting the ideals of Islam and ridiculed it. Muhammad was introduced with a challenge in bringing the people round to his point of view, and by the end of 622, had only managed to d eflect 1000.The first un contest, all-out scrap of the creation of the ummah was in 624. This was the Battle of Badr. While Muslims submit that the battle was fought out of loyalty to Allah alone, non-Muslims claim that it was based on a desire for revenge against the Meccans who had forced them to leave their authoritative home. The evidence that Muslims claim to arouse supporting their argument is the very f mould that Muhammad and his chase won the battle they had Allah on their side, as is draw in Sura 7. Sura 7 is however believed by opponents to let been written at a different time to the Quran, so cannot be taken at face value. Non-believers claim that Muhammad was playacting with intolerance, which overrided the supposed obligation from Allah that he had to act on.625 saw the Battle of Uhud, which saw Abu Sufyan scenery out in opposition to Muhammad. His 3000 men would logically make light work of the 700 that Muhammad could call upon Muslim belief follows that Al lah was testing the faith of his followers in allowing one side to be so frequently bigger than the other. Non-Muslim belief obviously ranges, unless some arouse argued that God could not have alone been on Muhammads side, given that the prophet emerged from the battle with war wounds, and that some Meccans disobeyed orders, so there were other forces acting on the battle than those of Allah.Abu Sufyan set out to kill Muhammad again in 627, with the Battle of the Ditches. In this battle, Muhammad and his troops were met with the force of 10,000 men. Stalemate arose when Muhammad dug trenches, and a storm saw off the Meccans, who had started disputes between themselves anyway. Non-Muslim suspicion of this theme is largely insubstantial, although the morality of murdering 600-900 Jews later on in the year has been brought into question.This, and the sale of women and children into slavery by Muhammads followers has been backed up with the teaching from the Quran reading God does not love the treacherous, the belief by many Muslims that it was the only way they had of creating the religious theocracy that they wanted, and the belief that they had every right to regaining the violence that they claim had been initiated on them by the Jews and Meccans.Muhammad set out to improve the relations between the Medinans and the Meccans in 628, when the two cities agree to sign the Treaty of Hudabiya outside Meccan city boundaries. Muslims consider this treaty to authenticate Muhammads status as a reluctant warrior because it was supposed to secure peace and the right for any Meccans to become Muslims if they wanted to.Islams status as being more than a religion is also authenticated by the treaty, which Muslims believe portrayed Muhammad as being a capable politician he also allowed Jews to enjoy religious freedom, in return for an extra tax. The Islamic belief that the Muhammad communicated with emperors of Byzantium and Abyssinia is toned down by non-Muslim theo ry, which suggests that he spoke to Arabian peninsula leaders at the most.Some Meccans were voluntarily converted to Islam when the faith reached Mecca on a small pilgramage in 629, alone the main influx of population to the faith came in 630 when Muhammad took the ciy by force. In the following year, he move out armies supporting his leaders when they spread the word of Islam the role that these forces played in converting people to Islam is disputed by Non-Muslims.There is much evidence to support the view that Muhammads motives were political and personal, rather than religious.Firstly, it would not have been reasonable for Muhammads motives to have been solely religious. He would not have been able to have been as triple-crown as he was if they had been this is because Islam is, in the eyes of believers and non-believers alike, more than just a religion.The Islamic beliefs take anteriority over politics, and the individual desires of one person. This makes it almost social istic in its principles, which in turn explain how Muhammad found it such a task to actually spread the faith.It is unlikely that Muhammads motives were personal, as in the event that they had been, it would have been unlikely he would have set himself aside for so much criticism or persecution in fighting the Meccans. He would have stayed in Mecca and made a living as a dealer if this was what he wanted.He would however have had political motives. These would have been necessary in converting a barbarian city into a religious theocracy, and would have to have been backed up with a resolution to act in possibly violent ways to carry them through.What Muhammad was doing was by no means easy he put his life on the line for Allah, who had already put him through visions to tell him what he had to do.Muhammad has been described by some people as being hungry for power, leading to his crusades, battles and treaties across Arabia. What it must be remembered is that he died in 632 as a r easonably old man he fought not for himself but for Allah.

Physical Security Essay Example for Free

Physical Security EssayA six foot fence secures the satellite perimeter. Video surveillance is active on the north fence and inactive on the south. A do work guard station permits limen into the outer perimeter from the west an unmanned and unlocked gate permits magnetize from the east. No Trespassing signs are posted at intervals upon the perimeter fence Employees Only is posted on the gate. Visitors must obtain a pass at the guard station.The outer perimeter contains the parking visual modality and office building. The perimeter has two light posts that, when functioning, illuminate the entire parking lot. Currently, the light post on the south side is not functioning.The office building exterior has three outer doors and one window. The basic door is marked with an Employees Only sign and requires a badge for access. The sanction door is the main entrance for visitors and is manned by a guard, who requires a visitors pass for admittance. The third door is an parking brake exit only and is clearly marked. Any attempt to gain access through the first door without a badge, the second door without a pass, or the third door at all, results in demoralize activation and guard response. The window is locked from within any attempt to gain access through the window also activates the alarm and alerts the guard.The interior of the office building is segmented into two major field of operationss. The first area is the employee workstation only employees can access this area. Visitor and employees can access the second area. Both the first and second areas are monitored by active video surveillance.The second area has two doors, both of which lead to small offices. The first door is unlocked, but is within sight of video surveillance and employees within the work station. A visitor trying to attempt access to this office results in alarm activation. The second door is obscured from both employees and video surveillance and is unlocked. Each office cont ains valuable assets. Employees can access either office at will.Within the workstation and smaller offices are several computers. Passwords are required for access to each computer. Each employee has a password and can access network information at any time.

Cohabitation in the UK Essay Example for Free

Cohabitation in the UK proveThere is some evidence that cohabiting dealingships are less stable than marriages. A 1994 Economic and Social look Council Report found that couples living together were four times more likely to separate than unify couples. However, this study did non distinguish between couples with children and couples without, so a wide range of circumstances frosty be aggregated together in the results. For example, young cohabiting couples such as students may well not be committed to a longer-term relationship.Also, the stronger position of women in cohabiting relationships could mean they are less willing to subscribe a male partner who is not participating in the relationship on an equal basis. drill 1 Does marriage bind people together in stronger ways than cohabitation? Prepare your arguments for and against this view wee for a debate. Living alone. If increasing numbers are choosing to cohabit because of increased instability in marriage, anothe r(prenominal) survival of the fittest that is increasing is for people to spanking alone.In 1996, just over 25 per cent of households were employed by one person and this proportion is forecast to continue rising. As would be expected, a strong proportion are elderly widowed, usually women, and divorced or separated men and women. However, a chop-chop growing proportion are single people of either sex who are opting live alone. It would expect that increasing numbers of young professionals are opting for independent living. They may grant relationships, but they desire to live alone rather than cohabit or marry.Their work can involve long hours and commitment which actor that childrearing becomes impossible and in any case they questions the necessity of having children in an insecure and uncertain world. Activity 2 a) Why do people have children? b) What factors may lead to increased questioning of the need to have children in the future? In an essay in The Obersver, 11 Fe bruary 1996, Anthony Giddens suggests that living alone as an option will increase.Rather than seeing single people in a negative light, almost as lonely outcasts subject to pity, he suggests that living alone will become a valued option, fling benefits of choice and independence that are not available in more conventional family settings. He suggests that a person on their own may, in fact, have more contact with a wider network of relations and kin than the conventional married couples, whose coupledom could be a more isolated experience. Discuss what are your views on a future where more people may opt to live alone?

Over all Impacts of Hobby Lobby Case Essay Example for Free

Over all Impacts of Hobby vestibule Case EssayAs the Supreme Court has ruled against the ObamaCare mandate recently, commonly referred as the The affordcapable Care Act (ACA), many of the phantasmal communities are overwhelmed about the decision and take it as a victory whereas others are nauseate about this situation as women community allow be greatly affected by the rulings of the court. It is a setback for the women society that in the name of unearthly liberty they get out be deprived of their checkup concerned issues. The companies that consist of religious ideology will be able to legitimize something that may harm others. Certainly these events will have constant series of effects on the society and as well as some changes may also occur in the regulation relating to ObamaCare. Obamacare covers twenty types of expect control, upon four of them the court has objected (Tom Cohen, 2014). Hobby lobby states that it is showing efforts to provide religious independe nce but majority of the public dont agree with this statement.Instead people are outraged that it is interfering in their personal lives. It will not let them exercise there constitutional rights. what is more they would be forced to obey or practice something that they dont agree upon. People will not tolerate that there liberty and freedom will be in risk. Soon the equal types of entities like Hobby dorm will be legitimizing discrimination against gays and lesbians by businesses (Salon.com, 2014). Defintly it would be unethical of doing so because what kind of an individual is having relationships is their personal right. In the name of faith and religion they will be creating barriers in there jobs and at work places. On the stance of ethical issues, the question arises about the religious liberty. exit it really make us a good Christian or minimizing our choices and freedom?It will be unacceptable by the public that the Supreme Court has legalized something that creates disc rimination and deprives women from their medical rights. Indeed it is a dark decision made by the Supreme Court. In the light of the decisions made, employees of any company will be obliged to practice the religious beliefs practiced by their owners. Common people have a religious perspective that, every individual is responsible for his or her own deeds and will be soluble to God. But the decision that has been taken in this case by the court will certainly gyp the liberty from the companys employees. Upper management will be able to force their religious beliefs and customs down the throatsof their employees.On the other hand, the decision will have negative effects on the women employees as majority of them may have a chance of suffering from medical problems for example in case of ovarian cancer, ovarian cysts, they wont be able to get enough or no treatment because of the objection of contraceptives. Thousands of women employees of these companies would have to pay double or be out of their birth control plan (Tom Cohen, 2014). It would be unethical for the companies for interfering in their employees private personal medical matters.ReferencesTom Cohen, C. (2014). Hobby Lobby ruling much more than abortion. CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http//edition.cnn.com/2014/07/02/politics/scotus-hobby-lobby-impacts/ Salon.com,. (2014). Hobby Lobbys secret agenda How its quietly funding a vast right-wing movement. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http//www.salon.com/2014/03/27/hobby_lobbys_secret_agenda_how_its_secretly_funding_a_vast_right_wing_movement/

Translation Literary Translation Essay Example for Free

edition Literary shift Essay infix This confine has been five years in the paternity. Sections of it view twice been stolen during travel and f each(prenominal) in been rewrit ten, hopeniliy better than the commencement time the fond hope of ail writers who rich person had their MSS lost, stolen or betrayed. Its progress has been further interrupted by requests for papers for conferences four of these papers deliver been incorporated early(a)s, listed in the bibliography atomic number 18 too especial(a)ised for inclusion here. It is non a conventional textbookbook.Instead of religious offering, as originally planned, texts in various deliverys for you to translate, I have supplied in the appendices examples of supplantingal text analyses, displacements with commentaries and interpreting criticism. They ar think to be helpful illustrations of numerous points comprise in the book, and models for you to react against when you do these threesome stimulating types of perform. If the book has a unifying element, it is the desire to be useful to the translator, Its various theories ar yet generalisations of displacement reaction practices. The points I make are for you to endorse or to reject, or plain speculate astir(predicate).The special terms I use are explained in the text and in the glossary. I hope you will read this book in conjunction with its predecessor, Approaches to description, of which it is in many respects an elaboration as vigorous as a revision in specific, the treatment of institutional terms and of meta lyric poem is more extensive in the earlier than in this book. I dislike repeating myself writing or speaking, and for this reason I have reproduced say the paper on case grammar, roughly which at present I havent much more to say, and which isnt easily pass off by.This book is not written by a scholar, I once published a controversial piece on Corneilles Horace in French Studies, and was encouraged to wo rk for a doctorate, unless at that place was too much in the making that didnt interest me, so 1 gave up. And a German professor refuse to review Approaches because it had so many mistakes in the bibliography which is regrettable (he was asked to point them expose, hardly refused later, he changed his mind and reviewed the book), but academic detail is not the essential of that or this book either.I am virtually(prenominal)what of a itteralist, because I am for truth and accuracy. I think that course as well as sentences and texts have meaning, and that you exclusively deviate from literal comment when there are near(a) semantic and pragmatic reasons for doing so, which is more oft than not, except in grey texts. whole if that doesnt mean, xt xn IBEFACh as Alex Bro whereforeon (Amsterdam) has disparagingly written without evidence, that I believe in the * absolute primacy of the playscript1.There are no absolutes in translation, every matter is conditional, any princ iple (e. g.accuracy) may be in opposition to another (e. g, economy) or at least there may be tension amidst them. Much as at times I should like to get rid of the two bugbears of translation, the solemn old context and the dear old readership, alas, we never can. lean only go as far as saying that some terminology in a text are far less context-bound than others and that some readerships (say of a fortune of instructions, of which the readership is the reason for its existence) are more important than others (say a lyric, where the poet and his translator) may only be writing for himself. over again when Halliday writes that linguistic process is entirely a social phenomenon and consequently collapses or conflates Biihlers chatterive and appellative run fors of language into the social function, stating that there is no distinction amidst the first two functions in language, I can only say that this is a matter of beliefor philosophy as the expression of belief, and that I disagree. But all this is to some extent a matter of emphasis (and reaction) rather than (diametrical) opposition.The single word is getting swamped in the handle and the individual in the mass of society -1 am trying to reinstate them both(prenominal), to redress the balance. If people express themselves individually in a certain type of text, translators mustiness also express themselves individually, even if they are told they are only reacting to, and thus conforming with, social discourse conventions of the time. Writing a book rough translation, 1 am aware that this is a new profession, though an old practice, and that the body of knowledge and of assumptions that exists about translation is tentative, often controversial and fluctuating.This book is intended to be reasonably comprehensive, that is, to discuss most of the issues and problems that come up in translating. (In this aim, at least, the book is original. )In spite of the controversial nature of several of its chapters, it is therefore designed as a kind of reference book for translators. However, some of the shorter pieces in Chapter 18 are inadequate and can only offer you a few pointers. I hope to expand the book (my last mavin on translation) for a second edition, and I would welcome draw outions for its improvement,Acknowledgements I warmly give thanks Pauline Newmark, Elizabeth Newmark and Matthew Newmark, whom I have consulted so frequentlyVaughan James, who has helped so much at every coiffure Vera North, who coped so superbly with the ins and outs of my handwriting Mary FitzGerald Sheila Silcock Margaret Rogers, Louise Hurren Mary Harrison Simon Chau, Hans Lindquist, Rene Dirben, Robin Trew, Harold Leyrer, David Harvey. Contents Preface Acknowledgements xi cardinal Parti 1 2.Principles creative activity The Analysis of a school text Reading the text The aim of the text The intention of the translator text styles The readership Stylistic scales Attitude Setting The quality of the writing Connotations and denotations The last reading result 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 19 19 19 20 22 23 3 The Process of Translation cornerst wholeness The relation of translating ro translation possibleness The approach.The textual direct The referential level vCONTENTS The cohesive level The level of naturalness Combining the four levels The unit of translating The translation of texts The translation of proper names revision Conclusion 23 24 29 30 32 35 36 37 Language Functions, textual matter-categories and Text-types The expressive function The informative function The vocative function The aesthetic function The pharic function The metalingual function Translation Methods Introduction The method actings Comments on the methods Equivalent effect .Methods and Lext-categories Translating early(a) methods 39 39 40 41 42 43 43 45 45 45 47 48 50 51 52 The Unit of Translation and Discourse Analysis Introduction Coherence Titles Dialogue cohesion Punctuati on Sound-effects Cohesion Referential synonyms Enumerators former(a) connectives Functional sentence emplacement Contrasts The lower units of translation Conclusion 54 54 55 56 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 63 65 66.CONTENTS vii68 68 69 70 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 77 77 78 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 88 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 91 91 94 95 % 96 97 97 7 Literal Translation Introduction Varieties of close translation The translation of song Faithful and false friends nomenclature in their context Elegant variations Back-translation of text (BTT) Accepted translation Constraints on literal translation cancel translation Re-creative translation Literary translation The sub-text The notion of theKno-equivalent1 word The role of context 8The Other Translation Procedures Transference Naturalisation Cultural equivalent Functional equivalent Descriptive equivalent synonymousness Through-translation Shifts or transpositions Modulation Recognised translation Translation label Compensation Component ial analysis Reduction and expansion Paraphrase Other procedures Couplets Notes, additions, glosses 9 Translation and Culture Definitions Cultural categories General considerations Ecology Material flori horticulture Vltl CONTENTS Social culture Social organisation political and administrative Gestures and habits Summary of procedures 98 99 102 103 10.The Translation of Metaphors Definitions Translating fables Types of metaphor 104 106 106 106 11 The Use of Componeniial Analysis in Translation Introduction Lexical words Cultural words Synonyms Sets and series Conceptual terms Neologisms Words as myths Conclusion U4 114 317 119 120 121 121 122 123 123 12 The Application of Case Grammar to Translation Introduction The translation of missing verbs, i. e. verbalforce The translation of case- chess openings Various types of case-partner Contrast and natural extract in translation Some related issues Case partners of adjectives and nouns A remark on Tesniere Conclusion.cxxv 125 126 1 29 132 134 135 136 138 138 13 The Translation of Neologisms Introduction Old words with new senses New coinages Derived words Abbreviations Collocations Eponyms Phrasai words 140 140 141 142 143 145 145 146 147 CONTENTS X Transferred words Acronyms Pseudo-neologisms The creation of neologisms A effectuate of reference for the translation of neologisms 147 148 148 149 150 14 Technical Translation Introduction Technical style equipment casualty Varieties of technical style Technical and descriptive terms Beginning technical translation Translation method The title Going through the text Conclusion Appendix sampletest.151 151 151 152 152 153 154 L55 156* 158 IfrO 161 15 The Translation of Serious literature and Authoritative Statements Introduction Poetry The short story/novel Drama Conclusion 162 162 162 170 172 173 16 Reference Boohs and their Uses Tracing theUnfindable Word Introduction Resources Unfindables words 174 174 175 176 17 Translation Criticism Introduction Planofcriti cism Text analysts The translators purpose Comparing the translation with the original The evaluation of the translation The translations future Marking a translation Quality in translation.184 184 186 186 186 87 188 189 189 192 X CONTENTS 18 Shorter Items Words and context The translation of dialect You and the computer Function and description The translation of eponyms and acronyms Familiar alter domestic terms When and how to improve a text Collocations The translation of proper names The translation of puns The translation of weights, measures, quantities and currencies Ambiguity 193 193 194 195 198 198 201 204 212 214 217 217 218 221 225 19 20 Revision Hints for Exams and Deadlines By Way of a Conclusion Part II Methods.Introductory note Test 1 Tower needs clear eyes1, The Economist Text 2 Vppcr gastrointimal endoscopy1, British Medical Journal Text 3 Brideshead Revisited (Waugh) Text 4 4Une certaine idee de la France (De Gaulle) Text 5 4Le Parti Socialiste (Source unkn bear ) Text 6 Ala Recherche du Temps Perdu (Proust)Text 7 Presentation dun cas de toxoplasmose, Bordeaux Medical Text 8 Dialysebehandlung bei akutem Nierenversagen, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrifi Text 9 Alexander von Humboldt (Hein) Text 10 VAdoraticm (BoreL) Text 11 Die Blasse Anna (Boll) Text 12 La SocUti Francaise (Dupeux) Text 13 ZumWohleallerSC,4Z.229 231 234 238 242 245 248 250 254 259 264 267 272 277 glossiness Abbreviations Medical terminology BihHograpky Name index Subject index 282 286 288 289 291 292 PART I Principles rules appear in Part I as follows 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The dynamics of translation A functional surmisal of language Language functions, text-categories and text-types The Translation of metaphor Scalar diagrams Equation diagram Matrix diagram Parallel tree diagram * 20 40 105 116 116 117 117 CHAPTER 1 Introduction.My purpose in this book is to offer a course in translation principles and methodology for final-year-degree and post-graduate classes as well as for autodidacts and home learners. Further, I have in mind that I am addressing non-English as well as English students, and I will provide some enamour English texts and examples to work on. 1 shall assume that you, the reader, are learning to translate into your language of habitual use, since that is the only way you can translate naturally, accurately and with maximum effectiveness.In situation, however, most translators do translate out of theii admit language (service translation) and contribute greatly to many peoples hilarity in the parade. Further, I shall assume that you have a degree-level reading and comprehension ability in one foreign language and a particular interest in one of the three main areas of translation (a) science and technology, (b) social, economic and/or political topics and institutions, and (c) literary and philosophical works. Normally, only (a) and (b) provide a salary (c) is free-lance work.Bear in mind, however, that sagacious a foreign langua ge and your put in is not as important as being beautiful to language and being competent to write your own language dexterously, clearly, economically and resourcefully. Experience with translationese, for example, Strauss Opus 29 allows under the star of Bierbaum who in his lyric poems attempted to lie in the echoes of the German love poetry with ihe folk song and with the impressionistic changes, Opus 29 tekt im Zekhen Bkrboums, der als Lyriker versuchtet Nachklange des Mintwsangs mil dem Volkslied und mit impressicmistischen XPendungen zu verknupfen.(Record sleeve note) shows that a right writer can often avoid not only errors of manipulation but mistakes of fact and language simply by applying his common sense and showing sensitivity to language. Being good at writing has little to do with being good at essays, or at English 1 as you may have learned it at school.It means being able to use the 3 4 PRINCIPLESappropriate words in the appropriate order for the obiect or proce ss you are attempting to constitute continuously trying to improve your writing (a translation is never finished) and increasing your own English language co-extensively with your knowledge of new facts and new foreign-language words.And it means making flexible use of the abundant grammatical resources of your language, which are enriched by contemporary speech. It is something which, like translation, you can learn you are not born a good writer you do not have to be one now you have to be decided to become one, to relate new experience to fresh language.Finallyj it means having a sense of order and applicability learning to construct a specific gezieh, purposeful) beginning, body and conclusion for your subject a beginning that defines and sets the subject out a body1 that gives and illustrates the pros and cons of the argument a conclusion that states your own verdict and all without irrelevance. A translator has to have a flair and a feel for his own language. There is no thing mystical about this sixth sense, but it is compounded of intelligence, sensitivity and intuition, as well as of knowledge.This sixth sense, which often comes into work on (joue) during a final revision, tells you when to translate literally, and also, instinctively, perhaps once in a hundred or three hundred words, when to break all the rules of translation, when to translate malheur by catastrophe* in a seventeenth-centurv text, I cannot make you into a good translator I cannot cause you to write well. The best I can do is to suggest to you some general guidelines for translating.I shall propose a way of analysing the source language text I shall discuss the two basic translation methods and I shall set out the various procedures for discussion texts, sentences and other units. I shall at times discuss the relation between meaning, language, culture and translation. By offering plenty of examples I hope to provide enough practice for you to improve your performance as a tra nslator. 9 The trmhvthe facts of the matter) SL writer 2 SL norms TEXT 10 Translator 5 TL relationship 6 TL norms 3 SL culture 4 SL setting and usage Figure I.The dynamics of translation 7 TL culture 8 TL setting and tradition INTRODUCTION5 What is translation? Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another.On the other hand, you may see it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. Hence in many types of text (legal, administrative, dialect, local, ethnic) the enticement is to transfer as many SL (Source Language) words to the TL (Target Language) as possible.The pity is, as Mounin wrote, that the translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. And since this is so, t he first business of the translator is to translate. A texi may therefore be pulled in ten different directions, as follows (1) The individual style or idiolect of the SL author. When should it be (a) preserved, (b) normalised? (2) The conventional grammatical and lexical usage for this type of text, depending on the topic and the situation. (3) Content items referring specifically to the SL, or third language (i. e, not SL or TL) cultures.(4) The typical format of a text in a book, periodical, newspaper, etc. , as influenced by tradition at the time. (5) The expectations of the putative readership, bearing in mind their estimated knowledge of the topic and the style of language they use, convey in terms of the largest common factor, since one should not translate down (or up) to the readership, (6), (7), (8) As for 2,3 and 4 respectively, but related to the TL, (9) What is being described or reported, ascertained or verified (the referential truth), where possible separately of the SL text and the expectations of the readership.(10) The views and prejudices of the translator, which may be personal and subjective, or may be social and cultural, involving the translators group loyalty factor*, which may reflect the national, political, ethnic, religious, social class, sex, etc. assumptions of the translator. Needless to say, there are many other tensions in translations, for example between sound and sense, emphasis (word order) and naturalness (grammar), the figurative and the literal, neatness and comprehensiveness, concision and accuracy.Figure 1 shows how many opposing forces pull the translation activity Vactivitti traduisante) in opposite directions.The diagram is not complete. There is often a tension between intrinsic and communicative, or, if you like, between semantic and pragmatic meaning. When do you translate Ilfaitfroid as Its cold1 and when as Im cold, Tm freezing1, Tm so cold, etc,, when that is what it means in the context? whole of which suggests that translation is impossible. Which is not so. Why a book of this sort? Because I think there is a body of knowledge about translation which, if applied to firmness of purpose translation problems, can contribute to a translators training.Translation as a profession practised in international organi- 6 PRINCIPLES sations, government departments, prevalent companies and translation agencies (now often called translation companies) began only about thirty years ago even now, the desire that ail languages (there are 4000) are of equal value and importance, and that everyone has a right to speak and write his own language, whether it is a national or a minority language (most countries are at least *bilinguaP) is not generally recognised.Translation as a profession has to be seen as a collaborative process between translators, revisers, terminologists, often writers and clients (literary works have to be checked by a second native TL reviser and desirably a native SL speak er), where one works towards a general agreement. Nevertheless, finally, only one person can be responsible for one piece or section of translation it must have the stamp of one style.The principle with which this book starts is that everything without exception is translatable the translator cannot afford the prodigality of saying that something cannot be translated, Danila Seleskovitch, a brilliant interpreter and writer, has said Everything said in one language can be expressed in another on condition that the two languages belong to cultures that have reached a comparable degree of development/ The condition she makes is false and misleading.Translation is an instrument of education as well as of truth precisely because it has to reach readers whose cultural and educational level is different from, and often lower or earlier, than, that of the readers of the original one has in mind computer technology for Xhosas. Foreign1 communities have their own language structures and th eir own cultures, foreign individuals have their own way of thinking and therefore of expressing themselves, but all these can be explained, and as a last resort the explanation is the translation.No language, no culture is so primitive that it cannot embrace the terms and the concepts of, say, computer technology or plainsong, But such a translation is a longer process if it is in a language whose culture does not imply computer technology. If it is to cover ail the points in the source language text, it requires greater space in the rear language text. There-fore, whilst translation is always possible, it may for various reasons not have the same impact as the original.Translation has its own excitement, its own interest. A satisfactory translation is always possible, but a good translator is never satisfied with it. It can usually be improved. There is no such thing as a perfect, ideal or correct translation, A translator is always trying to compensate his knowledge and improv e his means of expression he is always pursuing facts and words.He works on four levels translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the larguage that describes them- here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from un sublime writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preferences are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translations is the reflection of individual differences.Whilst accepting that a few good translators (like a few good actors) are INTRODUCTION 7 naturals, I suggest that the practical demands on translators are so wide, and the subject still so wrapped up in pointless arguments about its feasibility, that it would benefit students of translation and would-be translators to foll ow a course based on a wide variety of texts and examples. This book claims to be useful, not essential.It attempts to set up a model of reference for an activity that serves as a means of communication, a transmitter of culture, a technique (one of many, to be used with discretion) of language learning, and a source of personal pleasure.As a means of communication, translation is used for multilingual notices, which have at last appeared increasingly conspicuously in public places for instructions issued by exporting companies for tourist publicity, where it is too often produced from the native into the foreign language by natives as a matter of national pride for official documents,such as treaties and contracts for reports, papers, articles, correspondence? textbooks to convey information, advice and recommendations for every growth of knowledge.Its volume has increased with the rise of the mass media, the increase in the number of independent countries, and the growing infor mation of the importance of linguistic minorities in all the countries of the world.Its importance is highlighted by the mistranslation of the Japanese telegram sent to chapiter just before the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, when mokasuiu was allegedly translated as ignored instead of considered, and by the equivocalness in UN Resolution 242, where the withdrawal from occupied territories was translated as le retrait des tmitoires occupes, and therefore as a reference to all of the occupied territory to be evacuated by the Israelis.Translation has been instrumental in transmit culture, sometimes under unequal conditions responsible for distorted and biased translations, ever since countries and languages have been in jot with each other. Thus the Romans pillaged* classical culture the Toledo School transferred Arabic and Greek learning to europium and up to the nineteenth ascorbic acid European culture was drawing heavily on Latin and Greek translations.In the nineteenth centu ry German culture was absorbing Shakespeare, In this century a outward-developing world literature has appeared, consisting of the work of a small number of international* writers (Greene, Bellow, Solzhenitsyn, Boll, Grass, Moravia, Murdoch, Lessing, amongst those still living, succeeding Mann, Brecht, Kafka, Mauriac, Valery, etc. )* which is translated into most national and many regional languages.Unfortunately there is no corresponding centripetal cultural movement from regional or peripheral authors. That translation is not merely a transmitter of culture, but also of the-truth, a force for progress, could be instanced by following the course of resistance to Bible translation and the preservation of Latin as a superior language of the elect, with a consequent disincentive to translating between other languages.As a technique for learning foreign languages, translation is a two-edged instrument it has the special purpose of demonstrating the learners knowledge of the foreign la nguage, either as a form of control or to exercise his intelligence in order to develop his competence. This is its strong point in foreign-language classes, which has to be sharply distinguished from its normal use in transferring meanings and conveying messages.The translation done in schools, which as a 8 PRINCIPLESdiscipline is unfortunately usually taken for granted and rarely discussed, often encourages absurd, stilted renderings, particularly of informal passages including proper names and institutional terms (absurdly encouraged by dictionary mistranslations such as Giacopo for James1 and Siaatsrat for Trivy Councillor). regular a sentence such as Quune maillc $auiat parfois a ce nssu de idol auquel Brigitte Finn travailinit uvec une vigilance de toutes les seamdes, detail dans Yordre et elle sen consolait pourvu que cefut sans temotn.Mauriac, l.a Phanstenne susceptibility produce something like this from a sixth-former That a stitch should sometimes break in that tissue of perfection at which Brigitte Pian was working with a vigilance to which she devoted every second, this was in order and she consoled herself for it provided it was without witness, which proves that each word construction is understood, where a more likely reading would beIf Brigitte Pian sometimes dropped a stitch in the admirable material she was working on with such continuous vigilance, it was in the natural order of things and she set in motion consolation for it, provided she had no witnesses.A translator, perhaps more than any other practitioner of a profession, is continually faced with choices, for instance when he has to translate words denoting quality, the words of the mental world (adjectives, adverbs, adjectival nouns, e. g. good, well*, goodness), rather than objects or events. In making his choice, he is intuitively or consciously following a theory of translation, just as any teacher of grammar teaches a theory of linguistics. La traduction appelle une theorie en acte, Jean-Rene Ladmiral has written.Translation calls on a theory in action the translator reviews the criteria for the various options before he makes his selection as a procedure in his translating activity. The personal pleasure derived from translation is the excitement of trying to work on a thousand small problems in the context of a large one. Mystery, jigsaw, game, kaleidoscope, maze, puzzle, see-saw, juggling- these metaphors capture the play1 element of translation without its seriousness. (But pleasure lies in play rather than i 1 seriousness. ) The chase after words and facts is unremitting and requires imagination.There is an exceptional attraction in the search for the right word, just out of reach, the semantic gap between two languages that one scours Roget to fill. The relief of finding it, the smirk* after hitting on the right word when others are still floundering? is an acute reward, out of proportion and out of perspective to the triumph of filling in the whole picture, but more concrete.The quality of pleasure reflects the constant tension between sentence and word. You may have heard of a relatively new polytechnic/university subject called Translation Theory (Translatology1 in Canada, Traductologia in Spain, (Iter-INTRODUCTION 9 setzungswissenschaft in German-speaking countries, Translation Studies in the Netherlands and Belgium) this book is intended to introduce it to you.In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with the translation method fittingly used for a certain type of text, and it is therefore dependent on a functional theory of language. However, in a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints.(The only rule I know is the equal frequency rule, viz, that corresponding words, where they exist metaphors, collocations, groups, clauses, sentences, word order, proverbs, etc. should have approximat ely equal frequency, for the topic and register in question, in both the source and target languages.)Translation theory is concerned with minutiae (the meanings of semi-colons, italics, misprints) as well as generalities (presentation, the thread of thought underlying a piece), and both may be equally important in the context.Translation theory in action, translation theory used operationally for the purpose of reviewing all the options (in particular, sensitising the translator to those he had not been aware of) and then making the decisions in fact the teeth of the theory is a frame of reference for translation and translation criticism, relating first to complete texts, where it has most to say, then, in descending level, to paragraphs, sentences, clauses,word groups (in particular, collocations), words -familiar alternative words, cultural and institutional terms, proper names, 1 non-equivalent words, neologisms and key conceptual terms morphemes and punctuation marks.Note t hat metaphor, perhaps the most crucial translation problem, may occur at all levels from word to text, at which level it becomes an allegory or a fantasy. What translation theory does is, first, to identify and define a translation problem (no problem no translation theory) second, to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem third, to list all the possible translation procedures finally, to recommend the most suitable translation procedure, improver the appropriate translation.Translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to consider all the factors, within the text and outside it, before coming to a decision, I close this chapter by enumerating the new elements in translation nov. as opposed to, say, at the beginning of the century (1)The emphasis on the readership and the setting, and therefore on naturalness, ease of understanding an d an appropriate register, when these factors are appropriate. (2) Expansion of topics beyond the religious, the literary and the scientific to technology, trade, current events, publicity, propaganda, in fact to virtually every topic of writing. (3) Increase in variety of text formats, from books (including plays and poems) to articles, papers, contracts, treaties, laws, notices, instructions, advertisements,10 PRINCIPLES (4) (5) (6) (7) publicity, recipes, letters, reports, business forms, documents, etc.These now vastly outnumber books, so it is serious to calculate the number or the languages of translations on any large scale. Standardisation of terminology. The formation of translator teams and the apprehension of the revisers role. The impact of linguistics, sociolinguistics and translation theory, which will.