Cause and Effect- Steroids

Cause and Effect Analysis 1 A Cause and Effect Metacognative Analysis Bryan J. Critical Reading and Thinking, Section 409 March 11, 2010 Cause and Effect Analysis 2 Casual Metacognitive Analysis Introduction I am focusing on the cause and effect genre in this paper to inform the reader about steroids and how they have become a common phenomenon among athletes. What some people may not know are the negative effects steroids have on a person’s intellectual/spiritual, social-emotion, and physical appearance.For instance, a person on steroids may have an effected social- emotional relationship with others due to the increase in testosterone, causing many users to lash out with violence and rage, a term that has been coined â€Å"roid rage. † My purpose in writing this essay is to shed light on the negative effects of steroids. By using cause and effect you will be able to determine the cause, which is steroids, and the many different effects they have. This is an important tool to really show just how a substance like anabolic steroids can affect someone.It is also important for my field of study, exercise science, to teach people about the negative side effects. Cause and effect analysis has taught me how to become a better reader, and writer, by showing me exactly how to analyze what I’m reading, and have it sink it, rather than go in one ear and out the other. The use of cause and effect in this essay will give the reader a more in depth perspective of the effects steroids have on the human body. Audit Awaareness For this essay I chose two articles to compare and contrast.The first article I chose was â€Å"Performance enhancement is not the only effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. † The first article by ADIS International Limited did an excellent job giving us an in depth look on the ins and outs of steroid use. The second article I chose was titled â€Å"High-Dose Anabolic Cause and Effect Analysis 3 Steroids in Str ength Athletes: Effects upon Hostility and Aggression†, written by P. Y. L. Choi, A. C. Parrott, and D. Cowan. This article is an account of tests that P. Y. L. Choi et al. onstructed while testing the effects that steroid use has on strength athletes. It used a control group, that contained non users, and a group of three subjects on steroids. Both articles spoke of the negative side effects that steroids have, and described their uses. The second article, however, had more detail and provided real life examples of how far steroids could affect someone, negatively. FOR INSTANCE†¦While evaluating both articles I noticed that the evidence provided was relevant to the claim each was trying to make, that steroids generally provide more negative effects than good ones.The second article provided graphs to show the different levels of aggression and hostility in the subjects being tested, and the first article did not. Both articles had contradictions that could sway a reader away from believing that steroids were a negative alternative to supplementing. In the second article P. Y. L Choi et al. discuss how their study could be weak, â€Å"It was ‘open’ rather than ‘blind’. Drug conditions varied widely between subjects. † Over all, each article provided substantial evidence leading a reader to believe steroid use provides more negative effects than positive.I believe the authors in article one and two had the purpose of showing how steroids work, and to show how using them could lead to serious health risks and emotional instabilities, which could damage relationships you have with others. Nature of Casual Argument There was one cause for this subject: steroids. However, it had multiple effects, such as performance enhancement, and the bad side effects including increased aggression, hostility, decreased sex drive, weight gain, infertility, cardiovascular risks, and interfered with personal Cause and Effect Analysis 4 el ationships. The author for this article used a chart that gave a description of how steroids affected both male and females. In males it had acne, increased facial and body hair, increased aggressive behavior, increased appetite, and balding. In females it reduced breast size, menstrual irregularities, deepening of the voice, and enlarging the clitoris. While stating the negative side effects this article also included legitimate purposes for using steroids. Steroids can treat growth retardation, breast carcinoma, osteoporosis, edema, and anemia.What this article is trying to state, however, is that when used improperly, such as using more than the recommended dose, generally for enhancement purposes, the effects can be negative. Informative Article Summary The article comes from a textbook entitled â€Å"Drugs & Therapy Perspective,† the title of the article is â€Å"Performance enhancement is not the only effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. † The arti cle talks about effects other than just performance enhancement when using steroids. The author’s opinion appears to be that steroids are not the way to go for enhancing performance athletically.This article first talks about how steroids work. Anabolic steroids are understood and almost guaranteed in all cases to create a deepened voice, increasing the user’s power, and creating more hair on your body. There are two different ways steroids can be used: through necessary doctor prescribed means, or by personal use, normally involving higher doses of the drug. While steroids can be beneficial in treating certain conditions dealing with its therapeutic use, it can also be used in frowned upon ways such as increased doses for personal use, in hopes of seeing results whether it is in competition or for muscle mass.Some of the main, and most common side effects steroids have, are an increase in the user’s weight, power gains, Cause and Effect Analysis 5 and problems with their physical and emotional well being. While stating that it does make some people stronger, it gives information from studies to show that anabolic steroids provide no long term energy. Most athletes have adverse effects when abusing steroids. Steroid abuse can also lead to infertility, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, heart attacks, heart failure, and even mortality.Towards the end of the article it talks about the effects that a person’s mental state goes through, such as increased rage, and lack of patience or short fuse. It ends off by including more effects to the many we now know, by adding in that if taken during your adolescent stages, your growth plates close up and your growth may be stunted Authorial Purpose The author’s main point in writing this essay is to inform his audience which may consist of athletes, any people currently on steroids, or even people just thinking about them.This gives detailed accounts of effects that steroids have, and t he adverse side effects. The article responds to any arguments that the readers may have by suggesting positive steroid use, and goes on to say that when abusing them, just like any other drug, you would more often than not receive adverse effects from anabolic steroids. Read Like a Writer When stating the positive uses for steroids, such as therapeutic reasons, it provides an answer for anyone who has an argument for steroids. It reaches common ground with the readers by providing several different side effects rather than just one.For instance, in (para. 7) â€Å"The abuse of AASs in healthy young athletes has been associated with serious cardiovascular events (e. g. cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, QT dispersion†¦acute heart failure and sudden cardiac Cause and Effect Analysis 6 death. † The cause and effect argument is made by informing the reader of the many dangerous side effects that relates to steroid abuse, as seen in the previous sentence. The author incorp orates counter arguing by information relevant to both males and females, rather than just one sex.By doing this he has now expanded his argument to a more vast audience. The author is not one-hundred percent against steroids, just the abuse of them, and it is not biased in doing so. This provides for a well written article, and one that anyone could read and leave being well informed of the adverse side effects of steroids, and not have much of an argument for them. Before reading this article I was not aware of over half of the effects steroids have on the human body and thought taking them in the offseason for baseball wouldn’t be such a bad idea.After reading this article and making a cause and effect essay on it, I was really able to clearly see that the side effects outweigh any achievable goal in which one may meet. Information Literacy The author for this article is unknown, but it comes from an accredited journal titled â€Å"Drugs & Therapy Perspective† and w as written in 2005. It is a rather recent article, and provides accurate information on the use, and abuse of steroids. It provides information from different studies, and self-reports to show the adverse effects of steroid abuse.In (para. 4) The author goes into the legitimate therapeutic reasons one may consider in taking steroids â€Å"AASs have a number of legitimate therapeutic uses including the treatment of male hypogonadism and growth retardation†¦. and some forms of anemia. † The author’s objective is not only having one side on steroids, but showing the positive with the negative. They presents the subject in a way that anyone could read and understand just what would happen if they were to abuse steroids. Cause and Effect Analysis 7 Professional ScenarioAfter reading this article I am now able to apply the knowledge I’ve learned to my career. I am planning on going into the field of exercise science, and wish to train athletes. I will never sugge st to anyone I’m training to abuse steroids, but rather avoid them entirely, and to enhance their performance naturally through over the counter vitamins, plenty of exercise, and eating healthy. There is no need to take steroids unless you want the easy way out. The negative side effects of them outweigh, in my opinion, the positive effects.While they may increase some performance, and make your muscles larger, they can affect you for the rest of your life by making you infertile, aggressive, or may end your life permanently. Also, I am an athlete myself, I play baseball, and I’ve seen so many athletes succumb to steroids, and end up losing their career over it. Every year dozens of MLB players are found to be on steroids, and are suspended, and their reputation and records ruined forever. You lose all respect, and dignity, when the fact that you’re using steroids to comes into the light.They may make you faster, or hit a ball harder, but when someone finds out those monster homeruns were boosted by being chemically induced, instead of a natural gift, or a result from being the best you can be, you basically lose the joy of every homerun you’ve ever hit, or base you’ve ever stolen. Conclusion The author does a great job in providing sufficient details in this cause and effect analysis. The author touched on a lot of the physical and emotional problems you will run into when dealing with abusing steroids.It becomes clear to me at the end of reading this that steroids are not up to par on the risk to reward plain. His use of steroids as his cause provides for a Cause and Effect Analysis 8 multiple effect pattern. I am now fully aware of what really happens to your body when you mess with this type of drug. Having knowledge on this topic will benefit me in my major because I am now able to preach to young athletes the dangers, and can now make some safer alternatives to performance enhancement. I am a better reader because of th e cause and effect genre.Thanks to cause and effect I am now able to see all points the author is trying to make in his argument and better understand the effects of any cause someone may write about. Cause and Effect Analysis 9 References ADIS International Limited. (2005). Drug reactions and interactions. Performance enhancement is not the only effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Drugs ther perspect 2005; Vol. 21, No. 8 Choi, P. Y. L; Parrott, A. C. ; and Cowan, D. (1990) High-Dose Anabolic Steroids in Strength Athletes: Effects upon Hostility and Aggression. Human Psychopharmacology 1990; Vol. 5, pages (349-356).

Gender Roles and Religion Essay

The article wants to make us to think about gender roles since a religious perspective, Christian and Islam share almost the same treatment against female and some of their customs are in favor of women in the sense that they respect them as mother and wife. Despite of that, it looks like Christian and Islam have oppressed female. However, as the article’s author says, it do not depend on what the religion praise, but on what believers think and do. I t means that the problem is not the religions itself, but the fundamentalists are the ones which lead other people to think that religion in special Islam is a source of negative treatment against women. The author which is a believer tries to portray that at the end the â€Å"gender roles† are not a problem, it is important that each gender has their own identity but in the end, what really matters is what God has prepared for â€Å"each one of us†. In my personal opinion, religions have and important role in the b uilt of the current stereotypes because of the tuition most of them teach. Let us see the case of Christianity which the main religion in our country. The ancient Jew traditions registered on the Bible do not treat the women in the same way than men. Why did not Jesus Christ choose women as his followers? Why the role played by women on Bible is not as important as the one played by men? They do not even mention women as a big part of the marvelous plan God has to save us from sin. Bible shows us men as the strong, invincible, leader, warrior and women as the mother, weak, inferior and tied to the husband will. It is very interesting to notice how Christian reverence Mary and in the same way judge Eve as the bringer of the sin to Earth, I think that there is a double moral here. So, we can see that at the end some of roles we have in our society have been affected directly or indirectly from what religion teach us. I am not a devote Christian however, I agree with the author in sense that religion help people to accept themselves as they are. I personally think that there is not necessary to follow a strict role, everyone should be free of play the role they want. I am conscious that this is not possible always as the author says: â€Å"People just don’t like those who don’t fit in boxes.† However depends on each one follow the roles as rigid as society demands or be more flexible. Gender roles are not bad, gender roles make a difference between men and woman, and they give them their own identity. I think the same as the author; the problem is how rigid those roles are. I think that is not a matter of which gender is superior, every gender has its weaknesses and strengths and both are a complements. If we understand that, the infinite battle of genders that has started many years ago may end in a truce.

Brazil 2 Essay Research Paper On January

Brazil 2 Essay, Research Paper On January 12, 1999, over a billion dollars fled Brazil. Three yearss subsequently, the Central Bank attempted to convey about a limited devaluation of the Brazilian currency, the existent, but it failed to forestall a free autumn. Over the following two yearss, another $ 3 billion was pulled out, and by the terminal of the month, the existent had lost over 40 per centum of its value. The Central Bank president resigned, his replacement lasted a hebdomad, and as bad onslaughts continued, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, in some despair, sought out one of international moneyman George Soros # 8217 ; s closest associates, Arminio Fraga, for the occupation. Fraga used to pull off a fund that took stakes on macroeconomic alterations, such as currency devaluations in topographic points like Brazil. It was, as the Brazilian imperativeness pointed out, a instance of seting the fox among the poulets. The mentality for 1999 is inexorable. Brazil is confronting a deep recession and a return of rising prices ; go oning volatility in the value of its currency ; a political cat battle over financial reform statute law in Congress ; acute emphasis in the relationship between the federal authorities and the provinces ; the hazard of defaults on province and federal authorities debt every bit good as in the private sector ; and astronomic and unsustainable involvement rates. For Brazil # 8217 ; s spouses in Mercosurthe common market that joins Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil-its dip into recession and the quantum spring in the monetary value of their ain exports in the Brazilian market ( particularly for Argentina, which has locked its ain currency into a one-to-one relationship with the U.S. dollar by agencies of a currency board ) has put tremendous strains on the fledgling trade axis. Other Latin American authoritiess worried that investors would non distinguish between Brazil and the remainder of the part, decelerating down entree to the foreign capital needed to run into their ain adoption demands. The remainder of the universe grew fearful of # 8220 ; contagion. # 8221 ; For the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the U.S. Treasury ( and finally the American taxpayer ) , which gambled in November 1998 that a immense $ 41.5 billion bundle of many-sided aid for Brazil would prolong the value of the existent, the realisation began to d rop in that, as with Russia, good money might good hold been dropped one time once more into yet another bottomless cavity. The Fall from Grace How did Brazil acquire into this sorry province? Who or what was to fault? The autumn from grace was dramatic, to state the least. Merely a twelvemonth earlier, this huge South American state of 167 million people, with the universe # 8217 ; s eighth largest economic system, had seemed steadfastly set on the way to a more comfortable, modern, and even just hereafter. It was led by a linguist, internationally minded leader of high intelligence who was hailed in European capitals and in Washington as the original of the new Latin American leader who would draw the part steadfastly into the new universe envisioned by the # 8220 ; Washington consensus # 8221 ; -a universe of free trade, unfastened markets, privatized province corporations, and booming democracies. Get downing in late 1994, Brazil had broken the old form of hyperinflation by the adept debut of a new currency-the real-which was tied to the U.S. dollar but allowed to fluctuate within a narrow set. The immediate positive effects were rapidly felt by the Brazilian population, particularly those who lived precariously on the border of destitution. For the first clip in decennaries hapless people had hard currency in their pockets that retained its value, and could non merely purchase more nutrient but besides consumer goods. The impudent side of this rose-colored image was heavy adoption on the international fiscal markets- # 8221 ; external nest eggs # 8221 ; as the economic experts put it with Orwellian bewilderment. Brazil was non entirely in this game, since it was an built-in portion of the new equation whereby the liquidness of planetary capital flows made such shortage financing extremely profitable. Brazil was, after all, now an # 8220 ; emerging market, # 8221 ; and a really large one at that. It was no longer # 8220 ; 3rd universe # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; underdeveloped # 8221 ; or even # 8220 ; developing, # 8221 ; much less a state with a history, establishments, and a immature democracy agitating off the bequest of two decennaries of autocratic regulation. To money directors in New York, London, and Frankfurt, and progressively Madrid and Lisbon, it was a topographic point where bad investing promised double-digit returns. Financing shortages of one type or another, and at all degrees of the domestic economic system, every bit good as prolonging the instability in external payments was what everyone did with the foreign capital thrown at them-Brazilians no less than Indonesians. But in the existent economic system itself, a strong Brazilian currency made Brazilian exports expensive and beguiled the Brazilian authorities into complacence in the one country in which it needed to acquire its house in order rapidly if the state was to prolong the new economic theoretical account over the long draw: its chronic inability to roll up sufficient grosss to cover outgos at the federal, province, and municipal degrees, and its every bit dramatic inability to incorporate outgos on forces, pensions, and politically divine porc. So long as the universe did non look excessively closely at the inside informations all was good, but when the Asiatic crisis hit, and Russia defaulted, the flow of easy money dried up nightlong. In the immediate wake of the Russian crisis, Brazil spoke tough words about financial reform, and for a clip Wall Street and the U.S. Treasury were tranquilized. But Brazil did non present. In fact, it did the antonym. President Cardoso had changed the fundamental law in 1997 so that he could seek an unprecedented 2nd term. And with elections in the offing, shortages escalated as politicians at all degrees made certainly that if a president could be reelected, so could they. Postponing the Crisis The U.S. Treasury-to which policy with regard to Latin America had been mostly ceded by the State Department-unsurprisingly saw the suave Cardoso, and non the gruff brotherhood leader Luiz Inacio Lula district attorney Silva, as its presidential campaigner of penchant in Brazil. And with the fiscal markets spooked by renewed frights about the wellness of the international fiscal system, it took the lead in crafting a mega-package of IMF support merely as the electoral run in Brazil reached its flood tide last October. The U.S. Congress was at the clip preoccupied with Iraq and the at hand impeachment of President Clinton, something an anon. U.S. Treasury functionary noted with some alleviation at the clip. But the crisis was postponed, non eliminated. In order to keep capital flight after the Russian fiasco in August 1998, Brazil had raised involvement rates to 40 per centum a twelvemonth. With shortages go oning, this served to balloon duties at all degrees, public and private. Legislation was already on the books to compel the province governors and city managers to populate within their agencies, but it had non been enforced. The colossal duties accumulated by the terminal of 1998 included involvement on public debt that was three times higher than entire direct foreign investing for that twelvemonth. Social security payments in 1998 amounted to more than twice the amount the authorities received from denationalizations. And the $ 25 billion that disappeared from its militias between August and October 1998 were three times what Brazil earned in exports over the same period. There is another spot of history the IMF seems to hold neglected to notice: Brazil # 8217 ; s record of conformity with IMF understandings is abysmal. Six Brazilian presidents have signed six IMF understandings since the late fiftiess. Not one of them was fulfilled. In the Mexican bailout of 1994, the IMF money was collateralized with crude oil grosss. The recent Brazilian bailout was collateralized with promises. This was non merely a # 8220 ; moral hazard. # 8221 ; It was obviously dense. The effects of the loss of cardinal secret agents on whom President Cardoso had relied for political clout and economic expertness besides became distressingly evident as the twelvemonth ended. The unexpected deceases over the old months of both his prime intimate and political influence peddler, Sergio Motta, the communications curate ( a key place in the authorities because of the megaprivatization of the telecommunications sector in 1998 ) , and of Luiz Eduardo Magalhaes, the authorities # 8217 ; s whip in the lower house of Congress, robbed Cardoso of his eyes and ears, every bit good as two really large sticks. Luiz Eduardo was the favourite boy of the powerful president of the Senate, Antonio Carlos Magalhaes, and progressively was seen as Cardoso # 8217 ; s heir apparent. ( The younger Magalhaes had the support of his ambitious, doting, and, if need be, ruthless father, a factor that would hold contained the challenges from other politicians looking toward the presidential e lection in 2002. ) The economic squad had blown apart as old friends in and outside the authorities were caught on tape in a bugging dirt trading inside chitchat about denationalization commands. In mid-January 1999, two hebdomads after Cardoso # 8217 ; s 2nd startup, the speculators returned with a retribution and the long-feared crisis erupted with ruinous effects. By the terminal of the month, Brazil had lost in capital flight more than it had gained in promised budget cuts. The first tranche of the IMF expense of $ 9.32 billion released in December equaled the sum of exposure to Brazil the large U.S. money centre Bankss had cut back since the program was announced, and Brazil, non surprisingly, was back at the trough seeking more money with a new set of promises. But with confusion reigning in Brasilia, this clip President Cardoso found really few who would accept his words at face value. Disquieted squads of IMF technocrats arrived to concentrate over the books and seek more budget cuts and higher involvement rates: the old expression that had helped intensify the crisis in the first topographic point. Cardoso put the challenge bluffly in private remarks to his advisers: # 8220 ; If this bundle of asceticism steps is non approved, the authorities, I, you, and the Congress will be in the rubbish bin within six months. # 8221 ; All Was Ashes During the tallness of the terror in January, President Cardoso, borrowing from Winston Churchill # 8217 ; s celebrated wartime exhortation, radius of the demand for # 8220 ; blood, perspiration, and tears. # 8221 ; Later, it became evident that Brazilian Bankss had made more net income in January than had the whole Brazilian banking system over the old twelvemonth. Elio Gaspari, the Brazilian political editorialist, pointed out that non merely had President Cardoso forgotten to add Sir Winston # 8217 ; s name to # 8220 ; difficult work, # 8221 ; but that he could besides hold evoked another Churchillianism to explicate what had happened that month in Brazil: neer before had so much been given by so many to so few in so short a clip. The Brazilian population # 8217 ; s choler that the existent program had collapsed is non hard to explicate. Brazil # 8217 ; s recent history is littered with failed economic plans and derelict currencies. Brazilians had hoped against all hope that this clip the existent was for existent. Even its name was now an insult. And Brazil had had more than its just portion of political letdowns as good. Tancredo Neves, Brazil # 8217 ; s first civilian president since the military putsch of 1964, indirectly elected by Congress in 1985, was a hardy figure of the resistance to the military government. But he died of bosom failure before he was inaugurated and was succeeded by his frailty president, Jose Sarney, a politician who had long supported the military government in Congress. The first straight elected president, Fernando Collor de Mello, who was elected in 1990 with high hopes of overhauling Brazil, was tripped up by the deep-rooted wonts of the little backward province he came from. He was impeached in a corruptness dirt and succeeded in 1992 by his frailty president, the fickle Itamar Franco. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who was foremost elected to the presidential term in October 1994, had sought his 2nd term on the footing of the existent program # 8217 ; s success. Now all was ashes. Having been reelected to the presidential term merely three months before with over 50 per centum of the ballot, Cardoso saw his blessing evaluation in the polls bead below 22 per centum by the terminal of January 1999. Many perceivers have been speedy to impute the Brazilian crisis to # 8220 ; politics. # 8221 ; Certainly there is a big portion of political relations involved, as in any democracy. But to impute the failure to politics entirely handily avoids the more hard inquiries about the sustainability of the economic theoretical account itself. Nor did the obstructions Brazil faces in implementing reform Begin with the January moratorium on debt payments by the province of Minas Gerais declared by its governor, Itamar Franco, the former Brazilian president. It was as Franco # 8217 ; s finance curate that Cardoso had introduced the existent program in 1994. Franco had long been irritated that Cardoso got all the recognition, some of which he felt he deserved. The personal hostility was existent, but on taking office, Franco found that 80 per centum of his grosss were needed for province wages, 33.8 per centum for active and retired pensions, and 12.5 per centum on debt payments -for a sum of over 126 per centum of expected income. At least 13 other provinces were in similar passs, including several of the most of import 1s under resistance governors. Minas Gerais, Brazil # 8217 ; s third most of import province in footings of its economic system and one of the most of import in footings of its political relations, therefor e faced a crisis in its histories that many other major Brazilian provinces besides faced. The difference was that Itamar Franco put a really confrontational spin on his default because he resented President Cardoso and had been humiliated by him, and saw nil to derive by adjustment when confrontation would impel him back into the spotlight. Ironically, Franco was nominally a member of the alliance of parties that supposedly supported Cardoso # 8217 ; s disposal. More softly, Olivio Dutra, the governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil # 8217 ; s 2nd largest province in economic footings, who is a member of the resistance Worker # 8217 ; s Party, obtained an injunction from the Supreme Court leting him to put his debt to the federal authorities in escrow and avoid being declared # 8220 ; in arrears, # 8221 ; which would trip the impounding of federal transportations to his province. Therefore, when all the governors except Franco met with Cardoso at the terminal of February, the president was obliged to acknowledge that their state of affairs was unstable and needed federal support. Federal-state tensenesss were in fact bound to break out in early 1999, given the chronic status of province authorities fundss. But this is besides an old narrative that resurrects a potentially unsafe struggle. The flux between cardinal and regional power has marked Brazilian history since the early 19th century, and it is a critical constituent of the current crisis. Brazilian cardinal authoritiess have frequently been required to pacify the formidable involvements of the parts, and policymaking in Brazil, even at the best of times, is at its nucleus a complicated dialogue over the distribution of resources between the centre and the powerful province foremans. Brazil is a complex state, larger than the immediate United States, with strong regional power centres, an entrenched bureaucratism, and legal and administrative systems with a formidable tradition of corporative self-defense. Party association has been less of import at the national degree than the entree to the power and resources that a congressional or senatorial place brings with it. Brazilian political parties lack subject and trueness, and the particular involvement groups-whether they be bankers, rural landholders, pensionaries, evangelicals, or civil servants-tend to back up single senators and congresswomans instead than parties, which are decrepit organized at the national degree and to a great extent dependent on backing at the province degree. This state of affairs is farther aggravated by the immense dimensions of electoral territories -covering full states-which makes runs really expensive, even by U.S. criterions. By the late eightiess, for case, successful congressional campaigners in Sao Paulo were passing on mean $ 600,000 per place. In that same period in the United States, successful congressional campaigners were passing $ 393,000. Given this world, the popularity of Brazil’s president is critical to his ability to obtain consequences in Congress. An unpopular president, or a feeble duck president, rapidly loses authorization. President Cardoso is both a feeble duck and profoundly unpopular. Not a healthy state of affairs in a clip of crisis. The Transition Game In the past decennary and a half, Brazil moved off from one of Latin America # 8217 ; s longest periods of military regulation ; but its passage from military to civilian regulation came approximately through a procedure of dialogue instead than rupture. Many of the civilian politicians who cooperated with the armed forces during their 21 old ages of regulation moved seamlessly into the more pluralistic system established after 1985 and were cardinal participants in the authorship of Brazil # 8217 ; s 1988 Constitution. While the 1988 Constitution enshrined many societal and political rights, it besides retained, at the insisting of the military and powerful regional oligarchs who had benefited from military regulation, a cardinal instability in which the more traditional, more rural provinces of the North and nor-east were overrepresented to the hurt of the more developed industrialised provinces of the South and sou-east, where the chief political resistance to the military autho ritiess had ever existed. The 1988 Constitution besides provided protections to administrative officials and the organized or corporative sectors of society, doing administrative reform hard and supplying extraordinary benefits to those entrenched within the authorities setup in a state where 1000000s still lived in low poorness and the distribution of income was among the worst in the universe. The postmilitary fundamental law became a Christmas tree of entitlements. It besides mandated the distribution of revenue enhancement grosss off from the centre to the provinces. The provinces, because they could utilize their deputations in Congress to barricade efforts to command extra outgos and compel the federal authorities to absorb the costs of turn overing over their debts, faced few obstructions to a monolithic escalation of outgos with small respect for their ability to cover these outgos from their ain resources. The formidable alterations Brazil was sing with urbanisation, greater political engagement, and wider entree to instruction and to the media and engineering were at the same time giving a voice to progressively larger sectors of the Brazilian population. And as new voices emerged in the more pluralistic environment of the mid1980s and 1990s, the political game became even more complicated and more ideological, with freshly independent brotherhoods, spiritual groups, autochthonal motions, adult females # 8217 ; s organisations, environmental militants, a powerful and more critical imperativeness, and a formidable motion of landless rural workers all stimulating civil society and disputing the old oligarchic manner of determination devising and political representation. Therefore, the crisis that hit at the beginning of 1999 resulted from the convergence of three developments: the load of the province setup and its rigidnesss ; the jussive moods of the political calendar ; and a unsafe exposure to external conditions. The 1988 Fundamental law, because it had incorporated such a high grade of specificity on societal every bit good as political rights, made policy inquiries, which in other political systems could be resolved by statute law, weighty affairs of constitutional amendment, thereby puting really high barriers to governmental reform by necessitating a cumbrous procedure of constitutional alteration. This involved achieving two back-to-back 60 per centum ballots in each house of Congress, virtually guaranting holds in the passage of any steps for which seasonableness was indispensable, and doing any such steps highly dearly-won for the authorities in footings of the Equus caballus trading needed to roll up sufficient ballots to go through the amendments. The unmanageable procedure led necessarily to the usage of # 8220 ; probationary steps, # 8221 ; mechanisms retained in the 1988 Constitution # 8217 ; s Article 62 at the insisting of the military and its Alliess during the passage from autocratic regulation. Under this article, the president could enforce steps with the force of jurisprudence for a 30-day period. The existent program itself was implemented by these agencies. In theory, probationary steps could be rejected if Congress did non go through enabling statute law within 30 yearss. In pattern, presidents merely reissued them. The stoping in 1995 of # 8220 ; indexation, # 8221 ; by which wages had been adjusted at the terminal of each month to the rising prices index of the old month and which contributed mightily to Brazil # 8217 ; s hyperinflation, was besides achieved by agencies of a # 8220 ; probationary step # 8221 ; reissued 47 times. In his first three old ages in office, in fact, President Cardoso issued 1,800 probationary steps, including 1,698 reissued edicts. Merely 90 were transformed into jurisprudence. This made Congress progressively determined to deprive the president of such powers in any revising of the fundamental law itself. This means that the tradeoff for simplifying the fundamental law, which all agree is indispensable to do the system map more expeditiously, will be necessarily marked by attempts to deprive the Brazi lian president of the very constitutional mechanisms that had made possible any forward advancement at all over the past decennary. The intractableness of societal security reform encapsulates the jobs of outgos and particular involvement authorizations. To give but two sensitive and politically explosive illustrations: The military contributes R $ 100 million to societal security yearly, while military benefits cost R $ 7.2 billion. In the metropolis of Sao Paulo, pensions absorb two-fifths of the public safety budget. The military constabulary of the metropolis entirely have 35,000 pensionaries, one for every two work forces on active responsibility. With 53 functioning colonels, the metropolis supports 100 retired colonels roll uping pensions. Chronic Insecurity and Public Order But to cut outgos such as this, in a state of affairs where most Brazilians already face chronic insecurity, can be really unsafe to public order. In late 1997, sometimes violent constabulary work stoppages erupted in several Brazilian provinces, including in Alagoas, where the constabulary had been unpaid for over seven months by the belly-up local disposal. The mean authorities pension is eight times higher than private-sector pensions. And those received by sitting congresswomans are 30 times higher on norm than what the mean pensionary receives. Pensioners, in fact, organize the largest anteroom in Congress. Therefore, the power to paralyse the disposal of authorities prevarications to the full in the custodies of those who most benefit from this state of affairs and have the most to lose by its reform. Federal civil retainers, who contribute R $ 3.3 billion yearly, be the system R $ 12.8 billion a twelvemonth. The state of affairs at the province degree is small better. The provinces spend on norm 30 per centum of their paysheets on inactive and retired workers and lasting partners. Not surprisingly, the cutbacks in pension payments promised to the IMF-a mere R $ 3 billion in 1999-are derisory in face of the degree of debt and unfunded duties in the societal security system. As if these rigidnesss were non plenty, the timetable of political relations besides made reform surety to the electoral calendar. President Cardoso had succeeded in altering the fundamental law so that he could run for a 2nd back-to-back term-a traditi on even the military swayers had neer attempted to alterbut this mortgaged reform to political aspiration. Cardoso # 8217 ; s statement was that reform could expect the 2nd authorization when it would be his primary aim. The job was that any hold in steming the financial hemorrhaging of the province became highly expensive once the demand to retain # 8220 ; investor assurance # 8221 ; became paramount. This required that Brazil pay astronomical involvement rates to keep capital flight in the self-contradictory belief that this would prolong the strong belief among aliens that it retained the ability to serve its debts, something the inordinate involvement rates made progressively improbable. This critical factor was masked non merely in the IMF plan itself but besides in the coverage on the concern pages, which spoke about switching primary shortages into excesss without quantifying what this entailed or ciphering what the involvement on these authorities adoptions involved. But involvement, more than per centums, was a key to the intensifying crisis. The load of debt rapidly attained unsustainable degrees. Yet because of the planetary crisis of liquidness and the hazards it posed, the fiction that all was good in Brazil needed to be sustained, and it was-at least until the planetary system could be inoculated against the possible impact of a Brazilian clang and President Cardoso was safely reelected. Time magazine put Alan Greenspan, Robert Rubin, and Lawrence Summers on its January 27, 1999 screen, proclaiming these # 8220 ; Three Marketeers # 8221 ; as the work forces who # 8220 ; had saved the world. # 8221 ; Possibly the editors meant Wall Street. Surely the U.S. edition of Time contained non a word of describing from most of the universe South and E of Manhattan, where that message of rescue might hold seemed hollow at best. The Fiction Is Over What are the hazards now that the fiction is over? The section of the population that is most threatened by a return of rising prices and recession are the 19 million people who during the mid-1990s, deriving from the stableness brought approximately by the existent program, had moved into the emerging lower in-between category. As electors, many of these people provided solid support for President Cardoso # 8217 ; s reelection. But they excessively had became hooked on recognition, much of it linked in the little print to the dollar. They are the most vulnerable to the new state of affairs, and the most volatile. An acute battle over land and belongings has been developing on the rural frontiers for over a decennary. Here, the landless rural workers motion comprises the most organized and radicalized sections of the Brazilian population. Rural workers have long claimed that Cardoso # 8217 ; s policies were unsustainable. Industrial workers have been under force per unit area since 1995, the inundation of imports and the consolidation of the fabrication sector holding forced many out of stable employment into the informal sector. The brotherhoods, fearful of arousing more occupation losingss in the face of worsening chances have preferred dialogue over confrontation, but this excessively could alter. Brazil is besides a state where over a million people seek to come in the work force each year-they will hold minimum chances in the foreseeable future-a serious long-run job for an economic system that needs rapid growing if it is to both absorb workers and vie in an progressively competitory universe market. On all these counts, Brazil will fall behind in the new planetary economic system, non leap frontward as many had hoped. At the terminal of 1998, unemployment in greater Sao Paulo stood at an all-time high of 18.3 per centum. It can merely acquire worse in the face of a contraction of the economic system and the intensifying recession. Bankruptcies and defaults will be ineluctable in both the populace and private sectors. It is hard to see where the federal authorities in peculiar can cut farther, since its ability to utilize financial agencies is limited by political and societal restraints, and its pecuniary policy is hostage to the domestic debt load. The secondary market in province and municipal securities, valued at some R $ 9 billion, came to a practical arrest in February, as an increasing figure of authoritiess in all countries of Brazil failed to pay their duties on adulthood. The decrease of the stock of dollars in the commercial bank caissons threatens Brazilian importers and companies with abroad committednesss, which are estimated to be $ 13.5 billion for the first one-fourth of 1999 alone. The current history shortage reached about $ 35 billion for 1998 despite the $ 9.32 billion initial payment from the IMF bundle. Brazil # 8217 ; s external funding demands in 1999 are estimated to be in the part of $ 52 billion. With the 2nd tranche of $ 9 billion due in March 1999, this will intend that about 44 per centum of the IMF bundle has already been committed. The state # 8217 ; s entire foreign debt interim stands at over $ 230 billion, and its domestic public debt, as of this authorship, in March 1999, exceeds R $ 500 billionroughly equal to the entire buying power of the 28 million households that make up the Brazilian center and lower center classesand is lifting rapidly due to the expensive involvement that must be paid. Almost 20 per centum of this debt is dollar linked, and 70 per centum must pay nightlong rates. This barbarous rhythm means that a one per centum point rise in the involvement rate-and the IMF wanted the involvement rates to lift to 70 percent-forces the authorities to presume an excess R $ 1-2 billion in debt service costs. It is non hard to see the clefts already seeable at the province degree rapidly turning into canons. If # 8220 ; fume and mirrors # 8221 ; had enveloped the IMF bundle in the first topographic point, the same applies two-fold to its failure. As an functionary of the Group of Seven industrialized economic systems told Stephen Fidler of the Financial Times in October 1998, # 8220 ; There is one thing worse than failure and that # 8217 ; s failure that takes a batch of your money and credibleness with it. # 8221 ; So it was barely surprising that the IMF declared rapidly in January 1999, after the value of the existent had collapsed, that the # 8220 ; float # 8221 ; of the existent was the best policy for Brazil, even though the # 8220 ; care of the current exchange rate government # 8221 ; had been a cardinal board of its bailout bundle announced the old November. Or that the R $ 28 billion Brazil finally cut from outgos under force per unit area of the currency crisis was hailed in Washington as grounds of conformity with IMF directives, despite the fact that these figures had been predicated on # 8220 ; care # 8221 ; of the existent # 8217 ; s value. But one time once more, no 1 wanted to look excessively closely in the involvements of restoring # 8220 ; assurance, # 8221 ; much less talk about it. The world was that the old figures were shot. U.S. Treasury secretary Robert Rubin had said of the bailout bundle in November, # 8220 ; This should make it. # 8221 ; It had non. George Soros told the one-year assemblage of worthies at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in February 1999 that what Brazil needed from the international fiscal community was a # 8220 ; wall of money # 8221 ; -in add-on, presumptively to the $ 41.5 billion already committed by the IMFled bundle. On March 8, in Washington the IMF announced yet another memoranda of understanding with the Brazilian authorities. Cardoso, it said, promised to cut down Brazil # 8217 ; s public debt ratio to GDP ; addition excesss ; increase monetary values of domestic energy ; cut down federal outgos ; # 8220 ; retrench # 8221 ; with regard to province employees ; privatise more province companies and province Bankss ; promote the # 8220 ; voluntary committednesss of foreign Bankss # 8221 ; ; and publish more bonds. On the same twenty-four hours in Rio de Janeiro, Cardoso, speech production at the Superior War College, was more equivocal, particularly about the denationalization of Petrobras, the province crude oil company, and other cardinal province endeavors. # 8220 ; If this is utile to excite the markets, so be it. But it does no good for Brazil to fantasy about paths that are non needed, # 8221 ; he told the generals whose societal security parts he had merely promised the IMF he would increase. Possibly he assumed the generals did non read English-or Wall Street bargainers Portuguese-a unsafe given in the age of the cyberspace. But looking at Brazil # 8217 ; s black chances, Soros knows of what he speaks. With involvement rates at 45 per centum, rising prices in the month of February making 7.65 per centum, and 2 million unemployed between the ages of 15 and 24 in Greater Sao Paulo, his former plus director, Arminio Fraga, now Brazil # 8217 ; s Central Bank president, to whom the state # 8217 ; s economic policy has been mostly ceded, will hold his custodies full. So excessively will the # 8220 ; Three Marketeers # 8221 ; if Brazil fails to convert flighty investors that it is back on path, if it is forced to fall back to capital controls, or even defaults, as the twelvemonth progresses, and Western taxpayers finally wake up to the manner their revenue enhancements have been gambled on a mission impossible.

ADA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ADA - Essay Example The sisters suffered from severe myopia. Both sisters had less than 20/200 and 20/400 uncorrected visual acuity in the right and left eye respectively. However, they used corrective lenses to increase the level of visual acuity. The corrective lenses improved their sight to a level of 20/20 visual acuity. The sisters responded to an advertisement requiring interested individuals to apply as commercial airline pilots. The sisters satisfied all qualifications, but the minimum visual requirement; 20/100 uncorrected visual acuity. The interviewing panel terminated both applications. The sisters filed a petition against the company for alleged disability discrimination after receiving the right to sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Justice O’Connor concluded that the two sisters did not fall under the definition of â€Å"disability† as stipulated in ADA. Their vision was correctable by using lenses, hence, were not limited to perform a major life activity. ADA applies in this case in relation to the definition of â€Å"disability.† According to ADA, disability is the physical or mental limitation to perform a major life activity. The definition fails to include individuals with correctable disability. Such is evident in the case because the twin sisters did not have a significant limiting impairment. The case commences a major debate for ADA to be clear about disabled individuals who can correct their disabilities. The case begs to leave the question as to whether disabled individuals who can correct their disabilities are protected against employer discrimination by ADA. In actual practice, ADA is limited in relation to its definition of â€Å"disability.† Though the Act protects workers with disabilities against employer discrimination, it fails to include the masses with correctable disabilities. These are individuals who can

Emergency Service Managment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Service Managment - Research Paper Example The term ‘incident’ denotes certain occurrences such as chemical leakage or fire outbreak which require immediate reaction. The incidents can be dealt with by using limited resources or with the assistance of emergency services. However, when those incidents become serious, it necessitates management direction in order to address the broader effect. This, in turn, creates an emergency situation which typically includes interference with emergency services. Effective emergency management is highly reliant on good emergency readiness. It requires guidelines and planning for every common reasonable event. The guidelines can result in secure practices in the organizations which can ensure health, fitness, and wellness of fire-fighters. In the fire department, there are four principles for managing the emergency. The ‘National Fire Protection Association’ (NFPA) standard had recognized numerous issues with respect to maintaining health, fitness, and wellness of f ire-fighters. One of the most significant issues of health and safety is an infection. The fire-fighters are vulnerable to several kinds of infections due to hazardous materials and body fluids. The NFPA 1582 standard requires fire-fighters to reduce the probability of disease and injury from infections. The standard operating guideline of fire department recommends active attempts for restricting the spread of infection and transmissible diseases by making available different immunizations, vaccinations and other treatments.... The following diagram will depict the four principles that are followed in emergency service management: Source: (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, â€Å"DEECD Emergency Management Guidelines†) Issues in Emergency Service Management of Fire Department The ‘National Fire Protection Association’ (NFPA) standard had recognized numerous issues with respect to maintaining health, fitness and wellness of fire-fighters. One of the most significant issues of health and safety is infection. The fire-fighters are vulnerable to several kinds of infections due to hazardous materials and body fluids. The NFPA 1582 standard requires fire-fighters to reduce the probability of disease and injury from infections. The standard operating guideline of fire department recommends active attempts for restricting the spread of infection and transmissible diseases by making available different immunizations, vaccinations and other treatments (United States Fire Admi nistration, â€Å"Guide To Managing An Emergency Service Infection Control Program†). The other issue for health, fitness and wellness of fire-fighters is record keeping. It is essential for fire department to maintain a record for all employees regarding health so that appropriate measures can be taken in order to ensure fitness. The NFPA 1581 standard requires fire department to drive infection control events and to maintain private health records regarding all work-related injuries, sicknesses and exposures of fire-fighters along with toxic materials and spreadable illnesses (United States Fire Administration, â€Å"Guide To Managing An Emergency Service Infection Control Program†). Every fire-fighter should study how to protect from probable infections and prevent fleeting

MGMT 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT 3000 - Essay Example Some of the products and services in different business industries that are going to adopt share ownership strategies during the coming decade include transportation, food, finance, recreation, shelter, and entertainment (Gansky). In 2012 these new Mesh companies will form a global network called Grupo Mesh. The Grupo Mesh is expected to recruit nearly 80,000 members by the year 2020 (Gansky). The fact that nearly 20% of the business population will belong to Grupo Mesh means the initiatives of the association will greatly impact business trends in the near future. Rapidly growing cities particularly those located in India, Brazil, and Eastern Europe are prime targets for Mesh activity. Many governments worldwide are outsourcing their transportation agencies to the private industry. Green energy will allow communities to share resources in order get away from the petroleum dependency. After reading this article I became aware that there are many companies marketing products based on shared resources. In the food industry I have been the beneficiary of shared food resources in open food bar restaurants. Eating in all you eat buffets is a tremendous and exciting activity in which everyone in the restaurant shares the same food bar. Another example of an industry that has historically enable consumers to use a product without ownership is the auto industry. Leasing cars is a very profitable way to gain profits from a vehicle. The article mentions that green energy is going to help consumers reduce their electricity bills. An opportunity that is going to present itself for electric and hybrid cars is leasing replacement batteries to car owners. The entire discussion of Gansky’s article was very interesting and educational. I did not know of the existence of these Mesh companies. The mesh concept was invented a long time ago, but now it seems that more companies are attempting to exploit the marketplace with new innovative

WAL-MART ORGANIZATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WAL-MART ORGANIZATION - Essay Example Nevertheless, history has a different story in the waves the organization has had to face on the way to today’s position as a global player. The organization internal environment business model is based on value proposition, which rides of offering everyday low price. Distribution efforts in the organization are effectively planned to have the organization have direct contact with customers through media adverts as well as through such cheap means as internet. The organization has also effective customer relations through self-service as well as automated services for efficiency and effectiveness. It highly esteems basic resources spanning from the physical ones including logistics and physical stores, human resources as well as the organizational culture. The organization acknowledges the role of the forces of internal as well as external business environments in shaping the success of the business. Despite the internal organizational structure, the organization holds own emp loyees with esteem as critical part of the internal environment of the organization. Competition as an external factor has continuously influenced the operations of the organization with special attention being taken for the sake of monitoring and keeping pace with competitive developments in the industry (Davis, 2007). Among other notable strengths of Wal-Mart organization are growth and high returns through customer satisfaction, creating profits as well as enhancing value for shareholders. The capacity of the organization to expand continuously into new markets and opening new stores, integrating new online channels as well as upholding great success in innovation and... The great vision and dedication of the top management of the Wal-Mart organization ever since its establishment has been acknowledged to play a critical role in the success of the organization. Leadership has been seen to play a great role in the performance of the organization despite the competition pressures that have been pointed out to form the basis of derailing the organization from realizing the guiding mission. This would form my basis of recommendation to the management of the organization. Competition has become quite dynamic in almost all aspects of business dealings and no one business or industry is immune to the challenge. In this understanding, adoption of rather dynamic management practices is inevitable for an organization to keep pace with the global trends. Adoption of centralized inventory system through which management of the various chain stores of the organization is inevitable in order to have the organization realizes the strategic objectives and goals. I p ropose to the owner of Wal-Mart to uphold high levels of innovation and creativity in management practices in order to cut on the rising costs and command a competitive niche through continuously offering lower prices. This is because other competitors in the industry would rise in competition through exploiting these competitive niches while the Wal-Mart organization does not.

Can Go Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Can Go - Essay Example Marketing strategy is needed to be fulfilled by marketing director who should take care into account the product itself, the price for the product, its promotion and distribution. CanGo regularly renew their market strategy in order to keep the competitive advantage. Target market is classified into segments, which are psychographic, demographic and geographic, product related and behavioral. When the target market is identified, the company should build the right strategy to reach this market. There are many strategies but I would like to overview the one offered by Roger Best: â€Å"Select the target audience – the customers are grouped based on similar needs and benefits sought by them on purchase of a product. Identify clusters of similar needs – demographics, lifestyle, usage behavior and pattern used to differentiate between segments. Apply a valuation approach – market growth, barriers to entry, market access, switching, etc. are used. Test the segments à ¢â‚¬â€œ A segment storyboard is to be created to test the attractiveness of each segment’s positioning strategy. Lastly, modify marketing mix – expanding segment positioning strategy to include all aspects of marketing mix (Identify Target Market)†. Such strategy can help CanGo review its target market, advertising and pricing to satisfy the customers’ needs. Jack’s Memo: Employee and Product Flows in the Current Warehouse Layout. Retrieved May 28, 2014 from

Crime and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime and Punishment - Essay Example t or whether, a complaint should be dropped due to lack of sufficient evidences or the unavailability of key witnesses whose depositions are important for framing charges against the alleged offenders. 2. The prosecutor is expected to inform victims of the pressing of criminal charges against the suspect(s), inform the rights of the victims, the availability of legal assistance in the event parties are not able to afford legal services, the dates on which Courts would take up hearing of cases, plea agreement, pre-trial diversion, changes in court schedules, and the date, time and venue in which sentencing would take place. (The Role of Criminal Justice System Personnel). A social construct could be said to be a social framework, categorization or grouping that envisages viewing of an individual, group or idea in terms of social or culture constructions. (Social constructs - Definition of key race relations terms, (2008). Social status, for one thing, could be said to be a social construct. It is often seen that in the US, the cases of discrimination while deciding criminal cases based on social status are quite large and disproportionate. The discretionary powers of the main players, including the prosecutors are immense and may allow scope for unfair treatment of process of meting justice of a social race or person with social background. (Klepper et al, 1983, P 55). It is seen that often prosecutors may dismiss a case on the assumption that if the case were pursued in Court, the judges would do likewise, and thereby, discrimination may be shown to certain races or classes of citizens which reflect on social constructions. The origin of these myths is from the media and vested groups who seek political mileage from spreading myths; community leaders reinforce them and law enforcement agencies who believe that crime needs to be punished, or criminal minds need to be corrected and modified to suit social and environmental requirements. As a prosecutor it is

Prejudice vs Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Prejudice vs Discrimination Essay Typewrite a 1 ? to 2 page paper comparing and contrasting prejudice and discrimination. Relate the use of stereotyping and racial profiling to prejudice and discrimination. Merriam-Websters Dictionary defines prejudice and discrimination as: Prejudice (1) : injury or damage resulting from some judgment or action of another in disregard of ones rights; especially : detriment to ones legal rights or claims (2) a. (1) : preconceived judgment or opinion (2) : an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge b : an instance of such judgment or opinion c : an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics. Discrimination (1) a. : the act of discriminating b : the process by which two stimuli differing in some aspect are responded to differently (2) : the quality or power of finely distinguishing (3) a. : the act, practice, or an instance of discriminating categorically rather than individually b : prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or treatment The main distinction between prejudice and discrimination is found in Michael LeMays definition of discrimination, where he says Discrimination is applied prejudice. As in the definition above, prejudice is some preconceived notion about an individual, a group, or a race that demonstrate some sort of judgment upon them. This idea of prejudice is usually kept inside of the individual, so as to have a quiet judgment among people. Discrimination, however, is prejudice put into practice. Those who discriminate actively practice prejudice; it is no longer kept inside, but rather openly practiced against the people. Prejudice is best described as an attitude towards a certain group of peoples based solely on their membership in that social or ethnic group, whereas discrimination are actions taken against those members, the behavioral manifestation of prejudice. The practices of prejudice and discrimination stem from an individuals perception of a certain group ?these predetermined perceptions of a group usually come from stereotypes of a people, or racial profiling. LeMays definition of stereotypes is this: Oversimplistic and Overexaggerated beliefs about a group, most often acquired second hand. These images are highly resistant to change. Stereotyping often derive from social categorization and the idea of ? in group vs. ?out group. Social categorizations is sort of the lumping or classification of people into groups based on common characteristics among them, while the concept of the ? in group versus the ? out group is based on a ? we vs. ?they view, by Peter Rose. The difference between the two is that in social categorization, the person removes themself from their judgment, whereas in the ? we vs. ?they approach, the person is included among others in their judgment, but those judged are not part of their own majority group. This process of thought views ? we in favorable terms, and ? they negatively. The impact of stereotypes, as I have stated, directly affect the perceptions of a people in a negative light; when we think of those people, these traits come to mind ? when we meet people from this group, we will focus more on those traits and process them before others. Stereotyping affects our social judgments about a group of people: how much we like the person, our mood and attitudes toward the person, as well as our expectations from that person. Racial profiling is not much off from the principles of stereotyping. Racial profiling is the use of race as a consideration in suspect profiling or other law enforcement practices. This ties into stereotyping in that we suspect suspicious activity from a particular race or people based solely on their ethnicity. A common example of racial profiling would be DWB or driving while black. This is the practice of police or other law enforcement officers targeting African Americans for traffic stops because they believe that African Americans are more likely to be engaged in criminal activity (racial profiling, www. ethnicmajority. com). Overall, one could say that one instance leads to another. Stereotyping can lead to prejudice, which can lead to discrimination. Stereotyping fuels prejudice, though people are not willing to admit this ? they will not admit to stereotyping or being prejudiced, nor discriminating, yet all practices and beliefs of these are rampant today.

Language And Communication Development

Language And Communication Development Initially, this essay illustrates the importance of play by describing its categories. Play theories are briefly demonstrated and divided into classical and contemporary ones. Thereafter, it mentions the characteristics of language through the theories of two highly respected scientists, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, in order to understand the correlation between language and play development. It also illustrates the existence of nine basic communication skills and why non-verbal and verbal communication is so important. Moreover, this essay analyzes research which explains the direct relation between play, language and communication. Through detailed references, the idea that the role of play is salient in a childs development is supported. Next it illustrates the importance of finger, mime and rhyme play to explain that even the most common games possess a significant role in language and communication development. Last but not least, it analyzes how play reinforces the literacy de velopment and finally demonstrates the opinion of the writer. The Importance of Play Arguably, play is a vital part of childrens development which has many implications in their lives. Despite the difficulty of referring to a commonly accepted definition, play is a vital part of the developing child (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). It is a fundamental action which occurs throughout childrens lives and is divided into two categories, free play and structured play. To be exact, free play is an action where the child can choose the rules and the form of play, without the participation and the engagement of an adult. Hence, the child becomes the leader of play (Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Moreover, many researchers have claimed that free play offers more educational opportunities to children. Whereas structured play is defined as an action which is directed by adults and limits childrens learning potentials. Adults are protagonists and possess a primary role in this type of play. For this reason, Thomas, Howard and Miles proved by a study they conducted, that free play, in other words playful mode play, is capable of fostering childrens ability to learn. They state that through this mode childrens communication is benefited, because playfulness creates the ability to enhance various types of behaviors. As a result, educational settings use the playful method to foster childrens language and communication development (McInnes Howard Miles Crowley, 2009). It is of importance to mention that there are play theories which are separated into two categories, classical and modern theories of play. In particular, classical theories consist of the Surplus Energy Theory, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-exercise Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of play (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011 Stagnitti, 2004 Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Modern theories concluded by the Arousal Modulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the Cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural theories of Play. The last category is divided into two sub-categories which are the Play as Socialization and the Metacommunicative Theory (Stagnitti, 2004). Moreover, there are five types of play, which are cited as physical play, play with objects, symbolic play, socio-dramatic/pretence play and games with rules (Whitebread, 2012). The above five types of play help children to expand their abilities not only in the language and communication domain, but also in the physical, cognitive, social and emotional domain (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). According to the constant evolution of language and communication, play and its benefits in this domain must be analyzed in depth, in order to evaluate childrens developmental potentials through play. Language and Communication Language is a strong communication tool (Moyles, 1989) which fosters childrens abilities. Through language we can live the past again, evaluate the future and use this vital tool when we face complex situations (Crain, 2000). Also, many developmental theorists have tried to explain, how children adopt primal abilities as they grow up and some of them, have given special emphasis to the language and communication development and how it is related to play. They have evaluated childrens development from birth to adulthood. Vygotsky, who was characterized as the Mozart of Psychology (Gray MacBlain, 2012, p.85), claimed in his social constructivism theory, that language is the cultural tool which facilitates the processes of thinking and learning. It was his firm belief that children must comprehend language, in order to interact in the society. Hence, according to Vygotsky, play and language are interrelated (Moyles, 2005). Due to the fact that through play children master communication skills, they interpret the use of objects and imitate the attitudes and the habits of adults (Gray MacBlain, 2012). In addition, he stated that children gain knowledge when they participate in social communication and consequently, they adopt new meanings. Therefore, according to Vygotsky, children act in the zone of proximal development (Whitebread, 1996), which means that every child has limited potential when accomplishing an activity but he can expand his skills with suitable help (Lindon, 2001). However, another respected scientist Piaget did not lay emphasis, as Vygotsky did, on the importance of language during childrens development. Piaget stated that language mechanism is used by the young child only to express some basic satisfactions and not to foster more complex functions such as thought and logic (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Furthermore, Piagets opinions did not promote childrens abilities; instead he undervalued them, by applying activities that were too complex for children competence (Whitebread, 1996). On the contrary, some scientists argue that childrens thought, starts to function logically as they learn how to use language. This happens because language skills are difficult for children to assimilate, but when this gradually occurs, logic develops (Crain, 2000). Nevertheless, Piaget did not support the above notion by mentioning that logic derives from actions (Gray MacBlain, 2012). On the grounds that language is an integral part of communication, it is important to pinpoint some of the skills that children develop in this domain. In other words there are nine basic communication skills. Initially, children learn to request reinforcement, to request assistance, to accept and reject offers. Furthermore, they respond to the order wait or no, they respond to directions, follow a schedule and finally they are able to make a transition from one place to another (Frost Bondy, 2002). For instance, when children pretend to be a patient in a hospital, they learn when they have to wait their turn in order to be examined by the doctor and they give orders such as wait, stay, come. Communication is a complex function. Before the emergence of words, children can communicate adequately before adopting language production and language comprehension (Sheridan Sharma Cockerill, 2008). The above aspect describes the non-verbal communication type which is very important. Newborn babies communicate non-verbally to express their needs. Facial expressions, body language, proto-sounds and perception of feelings are the attributes of non-verbal communication (Whitehead, 1999). Hence, adults start to communicate with children initially non-verbally and eventually verbally. Research proves that conversation between children and adults which contains a large number of open questions is essential because children have the opportunity to respond to spoken language. In other words, when children feel that they are active participants in an adult-child conversation, they feel playful which is salient for the development of language (Howard McInnes, forthcoming). Fostering Language and Communication Skills through Play To begin with, studies have proved that there is a strong connection between language and play. A research which was conducted in Japan in 1989, showed remarkable signs that play and language are strongly correlated. Specifically, the four children who participated in this research were observed twenty times each in a free play mode, where the adults had a passive role. The intention of the study was to analyze early language development and play development (Ogura, 1991). Thus, six features of language were illustrated in order to analyze the findings better. These were the emergence of first words, naming words, vocabulary spurts, word-chains, nonproductive two word utterances and the emergence of productive two-word utterances (Ogura, 1991 p.278). Furthermore, this research divided play into thirteen subcategories. The findings showed that children managed to obtain the ability of naming words because they had been involved in preverbal communication. Also, children began to name objects when the conventional naming act category of play appeared. Furthermore, words and sounds have a strong relationship with each other. It was proved that children through the functional relational manipulation play and the container relational manipulation play, managed to adopt the above important function and the production of first words as well. Moreover, it was stated that early language development is related to subsitutional play. Also, this study illustrated that the environment plays a major role in the development of symbolic play. As a result, language is influenced by social interaction. Moreover, childrens vocabulary spurts appeared in subsitutional play. Word-chains appeared when pretend doll play, subsitutional play and pretend other play took place during the observations. In addition, the fifth language category appeared with planned play and combinatorial symbolic play. The last language category was related to planned play (Ogura, 1991). Undoubtedly, this p aper shows the unique interrelation between language development and play. Researchers evaluated the connection between symbolic play with play materials and symbolic play with play situation. Firstly, during childrens play with unstructured play materials, they found that children who are at the age of three to four could imitate the activities of adults. However, in structured play children were able not only to imitate but also to engage slightly in role play. At the age of four to five childrens unstructured play evolved and they started to express questions and ideas with the mediate tool of spoken language. On the contrary, in structured play they used more conversation. This study showed that in the first type of play children at the age of five to six used their body language and voice to clarify a situation. Also, both in structured and unstructured play, children preferred to play in groups of their own gender. We can notice that structured materials are better for younger children because they do not put limitations on their ideas while playing. In other words, younger children need to enhance their expressive ideas by playing with structured play materials to be adequately prepared for school (Umek Musek, 2001). At the same time, symbolic play related to play situation showed that phonetic imitation (Umek Musek, 2001, p.61) is promoted and that at the age of four children use social speech. Moreover, they use social markers, in order to speak like adults (Ervin-Tripp, 1973). Later, at the age of five children use metacommunication in their play. Metacommunication is very important because children can discuss play. They stop in order to negotiate the next step of the game. Indeed, it promotes dialogue among peers. It is very important because it can be used as scaffolding to childrens language development (Andersen, 2005). According to this study, metacommunication levels are higher when children are older. Moreover, the same study proposes that it is better and more helpful for children to play in mixed groups rather than in groups with members of their own age. Hence, children can play in the zone of proximal development. Therefore, they foster their language and communication skills. Aga in, this study shows us that play which is dependent on materials or situation is correlated with language development. Apart from the above studies there are play activities which enhance language and communication skills. For instance, children are benefited by mime because they develop an alternative thought. This occurs by observing various children demonstrating their thoughts. Consequently, they can think of more complex situations and they are able to express their ideas with enriched vocabulary. Furthermore, finger play helps children with the counting process (Woodard Milch, 2012). Moreover, rhymes can provide many opportunities for children to enhance their language skills. According to a study, rhyme awareness helps children to recognize phonemes which are very important for reading skills. The sensitivity to rhyme enables children to group words together with the same spelling features (Bryant MacLean Bradley Crossland, 1990). Play Fosters Literacy Vygotsky evaluated the role of make-believe play in childrens development and he argued that literacy is enhanced by play. He describes that children initially act spontaneously when they play, and the process of learning happens with their will. On the contrary, when children go to school they must change their behaviors to a planned and a structured environment. Vygotsky stated that make-believe play is the important mediate tool for children to adopt written language and to succeed in school (Roskos Christie, 2007). Furthermore, drawing is considered to be a necessary play for children. Research has shown that children can expand their graphic vocabularies and they can represent their meanings, which means that through drawing communication is enhanced (Whitebread, 2012). Besides, Vygotskys research has shown that drawings in early childhood are connected with the ability of writing and spoken language, which means that the meaning of childrens drawings is not only the drawing as a picture but the drawing as an expressive tool of their thoughts (Roskos Christie, 2007). In conclusion, it is worth mentioning, that in childrens play the repetition and the renaming of play materials fosters the ability of the direct relation between words and the objects they portray. The above function is called metalinguistic awareness and it has been proved that it is necessary for written language (Roskos Christie, 2007 p.193). Conclusions It is clear, therefore, that the above essay illustrates the direct correlation between play, language and communication. Despite the fact that it has been proved that play fosters the learning process, there are still opponents of this view, who state that formal learning strategies are better than playful approaches. However, this essay contradicts the notion of formal learning methods by supporting the theory, that play does enhance language and communication by citing adequate bibliography to prove it. Children can reach high standards in the learning process of language because during play they are motivated and are not possessed by the feeling of fear (McInnes et al., 2009). To sum up, due to the fact that play has been decreased in school settings, it is salient to ensure that play must exist in preschool and in the first school years of a child, because a child is always above his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself (Roskos Christie, 2007, p.199).

Rhyme And Rythm in Blakes A Divine Image Essay -- Blake Divine Image

Rhyme And Rythm in Blake's A Divine Image In "A Divine Image", Blake uses several techniques and literary devices, to transmit his thoughts about social injustice, cruelty and human nature, Rhyme and rhythm are two of the main features in this poem this poem is the rhythm affect the whole mood, tone and meaning of the poem. The poet has chosen different methods to give the poem specific sounds that affect the pace and structure of the rhythm. The structure of the first stanza helps us understand the relationships between the four aspects of human nature presented, cruelty, jealousy, terror and secrecy. The first and third lines start with the main word, while in the second and fourth ones the words come preceded by the word "And". This makes the reader connect cruelty with terror and jealousy with secrecy automatically. We can notice that the stress of the lines in this first stanza falls onto the main word, giving an emphasizing effect. Unlike many other Blake poems, such as "The Tyger" or "The Lamb" we cannot find rhyming couplets in this stanza, but the rhyming and stressing effect is enough for the reader to tie the ideas together. This effect is strengthened by the repetition of the word "human" in every line and the repetition of the "y" ending sounds in lines one, two and four. The structure of the second stanza differs from the structure of the first one. We notice that each of the lines provide an "answer" in a "symmetrical" way to each one in the first s...

Families Portrayed In Roddy Doyles Books Essay -- essays research pape

Families Portrayed In Roddy Doyle's Books Why do we hear so much about family these days? Perhaps it is because relationships between family members are assumed to be the prototype for all other social relations. In the novels, The Commitments, The Snapper and The Van, Roddy Doyle shows his support of the family as an institution. Each character demonstrates strength and direction within the family unit. However, when the stability of the family is threatened, each character breaks down along with the family itself. When we think of family life we associate happiness, a life of sharing memories and developing unbreakable friendships. It is easy to create a family that is make believe, we just tend to leave the ugly side of the relationship out. It may be true that there is a family that lives like the "Cleavers" in our society today, but speaking realistically every family will breakdown eventually. In an interview about his novels the author said, "I didn't set out to capture the good in every family, or bad for that matter, I just wanted to show a typical Irish family."1 Doyle's writing is real--he deals with issues that might not hit home with every reader however, they are events that confront many people every day. The Rabbitte family is used in all three novels that make up the "Barrytown Trilogy." While the times are both good and bad for the eight members of this Irish family, in some way they find a way overcome every problem that faces them. One of Doyle's strengths is his feel for personality: his characters are neither devils nor clowns, dolts nor wits, but wobble between the extremes. "They're fish gutters and mechanics, young knockabouts and unemployed workers who spend a lot of time watching T.V. drinking Guinness and jawing at the pub, trying to stave off the feelings that they are nondescript people in a nondescript world."2 The Commitments is Doyle's first full-length novel. The main character Jimmy Rabbitte, the eldest son, puts together a band. It is almost every teenager's dream, at some point, to be famous playing music in front of large groups of people. In fact, this is how this book started off. In the end, however, it turns out to be the complete opposite. Doyle captures ... ... about unemployment and welfare. One night when the family is eating Darren says something to upset his father whose reply is: "Darren, don't you forget who paid for tha' dinner in front of you, son, righ' -I know who paid for it, said Darren. -The state did."7 This reaction not only made Jimmy Sr. upset but, he came to terms with the fact that he was going nowhere and if he wanted things to get better he had better get a job soon. The Rabittes may have gone through times when they wanted to kill each other, but other times they cared. Doyle is a down-to-earth writer, he shows the way of life for many families with the use of slang in his writing and his abillity to capture humour when the times are hard. The Rabbitte family shared many bonds, they had many memories and of course many fights, but they are a family. They may be fictional but they represent a modern family. It is true that when the stability of the family is threatened, each character breaks down along with the family itself.

Why Physical Education is Important Essay -- Teaching Teachers Learnin

Why Physical Education is Important Education can be defined as the systematic development of the mind, capabilities, and/or character through instruction or study. This is also the purpose of education. This purpose is met through the curriculum taught, how the curriculum is taught, and the nature of the curriculum taught. Physical education is just one aspect that should be taught to students. The purpose of education is for a student to develop character, mental abilities, and physical abilities. This is why school and education are so important, because without these skills one cannot live up to his/her full potential or even function in society. My purpose as a teacher is to give students opportunities to succeed and not to give grades. My purposes are to make students aware of their capabilities and by discovering these capabilities develop a sense of self. The students do this by pushing themselves or trying to their fullest extent. By trying his/her hardest they will know their limitations. These areas are the purpose of education. Physical education is an important area in schools today. If taught correctly, it can develop physical and mental skills as well as develop a sense of self. By participating in physical activity, a student’s skill will naturally increase to the demands placed upon it. If a student never tries then their skill will never grow. The mental skills one develops in a physical education class are proble...

Explain the Importance and Benefits of Assessment for Learning Essay

Assessment for learning is an essential part of a child’s education as it defines whether or not the objectives of teaching are being met, assessments affects decisions about grades, educational needs of children and in some cases funding. Assessment for learning is a significant way to raise a pupil’s academic achievement and is centred on the belief that in order for children to progress in school then they must understand the purpose of their learning, where they are in relation to this purpose and how they can achieve their goals. Assessments will help a pupil reflect on their own development which in turn will help them recognize and appreciate their own strengths as well as developing an insight into themselves as students. If a child is given the opportunity to discuss their learning either with a teacher or one of their peers then they will develop a deeper understanding of their learning which can build confidence and motivate them as students. Effective assessment will identify individual educational needs of all children as well as informing them about their specific performances and achievements, this will then allow teachers to utilise approaches that are personalised to the needs of a child. Assessment can be used not only to measure learning but also to promote learning by teaching children how to ask questions as well as answering them, by emphasising to a child that it is acceptable to ‘Have a go’ and that by giving the wrong answer it is still learning.

Why I Love Malaysia

Malaysia&Malaysia&Malaysia&it is a name that I always keep in my mind. It's the place that I start my heartbeat from birth, then I grow stronger and stronger until I am now. Without doubt, I love my own country, Malaysia. I think Malaysia is an ancient wonder of nature and full of aboriginal culture. I must confess that I love Malaysia because of its breathtaking scenery and the greenness of the rich land . It ¶s about sunny and moist along the year in this country. So, our land is rich of the tropical rainforest especially in the east coast of Malaysia.Just imagine that you take the canopy walk to get a bird ¶s eye view of the world ¶s oldest rainforest, it sures amazed you. Besides, Malaysia is well known for its natural scenic beauty. For instance, you can experience a cave exploration at Niah Cave or mountain climbing at Mount Kinabalu. Surely this is a nice change of pace, away from the hustle and bustle of the city life. Also, Malaysia is a cosmopolitan country but we hav e three major races, that is Malays, Chinese and Indians. Even though we come from different races, background, language and skin colour, we live as a big family.Instead of argument, we choose to live in a peaceful and harmonious atmosphere. We treat other people brotherly or sisterly and always have great respect for each other. We took every problem to round-table talks. There are also small number of natives people, which included the Kadazan, Bisayah, Iban, Melanau and so on. Indeed, Malaysia is a country of varied cultures and traditions. Here, I met many people from different cultures and we share our faith and trust. For instance, the Malays believe the existence of Allah and their traditional costumes is  µBajuKurung ¶.Besides, some natives also have very unique tradition. For instance, the Kadazan people in the Penampang of Sabah. The traditional costumes for Kadazan people is  µSinuangga ¶ and  µGaung ¶. Surely you can made a breakthrough for your exploration. They also have their own local beliefs. Furthermore, I ¶m always in high spirits to be under a festive atmosphere because we have many festivity in the whole year. During the season of celebration, the whole town is in festive mood and you may witness a great occasion in our country.The Chinese New Year celebrations falls to mark the beginning of the new year. This special events is the single most important festival in the Chinese Calendar and Chinatown celebrates it like nowhere else with a series of Lion Dance and dazzling light-ups. Truly, I love the local delicacies in Malysia. I really enjoy the traditional cuisine of local people. I have been offered different types of flavor of food, such as the taste of sour, sweet, bitter and spicy. I prefer the food of hot spicy, especially the chicken curry soup from Indians cuisine.I was on cloud nine when my tastebud exploded with spicy hot. However strong a man is, he can ¶t fight against fate! I found that the power of nature is out of our imagination and the coming of disasters are all of a sudden. So I feel lucky to be a Malaysian because Malaysia is free of natural disasters like earthquake, volcano, landslide, tsunami and others. I feel safe and secure living in this country. Deep inside, Malaysia is considered as a wonderland in my heart. On top of that, I relish eating local fruits.In my youth, I climbed rambutan and guava tree to pick and eat the fruits right off the trees. My favourite local fruits is durian and Indian mango. Durian is a large tropical fruit and it is a seasonal fruit in our country. The durian are cheap and easily available. Although it gives out an unpleasant smell, I even still crazy of it. Another is Indian mango which has an aromatic smell and its flesh is bright yellow, very juicy and sweet to taste. In a nutshell, I ¶ll always stick up with my country as it is such a beautiful land. Like no other, I will love you forever, MALAYSIA!

Is Corruption-Free Society: A Distant Dream?

Once chanakya had said that honey would be kept on your tongue and you would not be allowed to taste; it is impossible. Corruption is the misuse of public power for private profit. It involves those behaviours on the part of government officials, whether politicians or civil servants, where they improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves or those close to them, by the misuse of the public power entrusted to them. Corruption in any where is threat to every here as the saying one rotten apple spoils the barrel. Harshad Mehta, Sukhram, Tehelaka, Telgi cases are the great example of corruption in India.Literacy and corruption are interlinked. Most literates are more corrupted in most of the cases and the most illiterate are the victims of corruption. As in India most of the people are illiterate so they are becoming the easy victims of corruption. Every patriotic Indian realizes that if there is one factor that is keeping India under the spell of perpetual poverty and which makes the li fe of the common citizen miserable, it is corruption. A citizen faces corruption practically at every level and every sector of life.It could be the local rationing department, police, municipal authorities or educational institutions like schools and colleges. In the industry inspector-raj has become a code word for regular bribes collected by the public servants at the cutting edge of administration of the various departments of Central and State governments. Corruption is anti-national, anti-economic development and anti-poor. Nevertheless we have perhaps come to take corruption as a fact and a way of life. This may be partly due to sociological reasons and partly due to a sense of helplessness and defeatism.Corruption is harmful in three different ways: Rajiv Gandhi once observed that out of every rupee meant for the anti- poverty programmes, only 15 paise reached the beneficiary. Out of the 85 paise may be 40 paise can be accounted for as administrative overheads. The leakage o f the remaining 45 paise is definitely due to corruption. Corruption is, therefore, anti-poor. Corruption is also anti-economic development. Political interference, reduced attractiveness of service and declining morale has all combined to whittle away officials’ will to remain honest. The biggest cost is political.Petty corruption is especially endemic at the lower, clerical levels of administration — precisely the point at which the ordinary citizen comes into daily contact with officialdom. People are forced to pay bribes for securing virtually any service connected with the government, even that which is theirs by right and law. People naturally tend to judge the entire structure of government on the basis of direct experiences with the agents of government. It would be difficult to exaggerate the revulsion felt by ordinary Indians toward the ubiquitous and institutionalized venality of public life. Evil social practices also promote corruption.One major social cau se that promotes corruption is the dowry system. Every public servant wants to see that his daughter is married off well and there’s continuous pressure for having a substantial level of dowry. This may be one of the reasons why one comes across cases where even public servants who have otherwise led a clean life become vulnerable to corruption towards the end of their career. Dowry system is definitely one of the social roots of corruption in our country. Equally important is the social pressure in a competitive society for ensuring that children get the best possible education.Right from kindergarten in every educational institution, there is pressure of competition, and education has become commercialised. This has been further accentuated by government policies about affirmative action resulting in a great incentive for self-financing colleges who charge a lot of donation fee and most of it is collected in black. Education pressure and corruption in the education sector i s another social factor contributing to corruption in our system. One of the social roots of corruption in India can be traced to our Indian culture of tolerance. Equally important is another psychological factor.Power is never demonstrated in a society unless it is misused. In certain communities, being as corrupt as possible and amassing as much wealth as possible is seen as a macho demonstration of â€Å"competence†. If this is the attitude, those sectors of society that did not have an opportunity to share the power cake in the past may also rationalize that they must emulate those who had earlier enjoyed misuse of their power and amassed wealth by rampant corruption. Thus, a vicious cycle of corruption is launched where a society tolerates amassing of wealth and does not question how that wealth is accumulated.Is eliminating corruption a myth or reality? If we believe corruption can be eliminated, it can be; if not, it will remain a reality. So is it a distant dream or c an this dream be fulfilled is a billion dollar question. In conclusion, corruption in India exists because of the unsatisfied basic needs of the general population. Corruption in India cannot be eradicated by questioning ethical standards of its population. Removal of corruption can only be achieved by right macro-economic policies and by reducing government control. Honest political leadership is a must as a first step.Opening the economy for the investors around the world can provide the needed capital. Fresh ideas and entrepreneurial spirit has to replace the bureaucratic government control for a wealthier society. Supply of basic commodities has to be higher than the demand for general population not to bribe any government officials. Only skilled entrepreneurs hired by public shareholders can bring the money losing monster public sector to profitability. An efficient tax collection mechanism supported by computerised revenue reporting systems of individual businesses would be a step in the right direction.Qualified political leadership is required to understand and implement such policies. Most importantly, political will of the leaders will be required to take such actions. In Japan and South Korea, former prime ministers and children of presidents have been jailed for corruption. In India, not one senior politician of the many who have been implicated in scandals – and they are numerous – has so far been convicted. The labyrinthine legal system is used to frustrate the course of justice. Three-points can be suggested to check corruption. The first is simplification of rules and procedures.Corruption is like malaria, handled by giving medicine to those affected and simultaneously preventing the breeding of mosquitoes. Many of our rules and procedures breed corruption. Orders have, therefore, to be issued to check and simplify procedures. One example is a ban on post-tender negotiations in government purchases, except with the lowest bidder. Such negotiations are a flexible source of corruption. The second step is empowering the public and bringing in greater transparency. Every office should have a board stating, ‘Don’t pay bribes.If anybody asks for a bribe, you can complain to the CVO, CVC. ’ This way we can educate the public who come to every small office of the GOI and other organisations like banks and public sector undertakings that there is a way out if they do not want to pay bribes. The third step is strong punishment to those who are involves in corruption. Corruption is the greatest hindrance in the development of ever-developing nation. If we want to replace the â€Å"developing† tag from our beloved country by â€Å"developed†, we have to take stringent measures and stand against the parasite of corruption together