John Locke and The Rights Of Children :: Empiricists, Empiricism

Locke firmly denies Filmers theory that it is morally permissible for parents to treat their children however they satisfy "They who allege the Practice of Mankind, for exposing or selling their Children, as a Proof of their Power over them, are with Sir Rob. happy Arguers, and can non but recommend their Opinion by founding it on the most shameful Action, and most un immanent Murder, humane Nature is capable of." (First Treatise, sec.56) Rather, Locke argues that children have the same moral rights as any former(a) person, though the childs inadequate mental faculties make it permissible for his parents to rule over him to a limited degree. "Thus we are born(p) Free, as we are born Rational not that we have actually the Exercise of either Age that brings one, brings with it the other too." (Second Treatise, sec.61) On top of this, he affirms a postive, non-contractual duty of parents to provide for their payoff "But to supply the Defects of this imperfect Stat e, till the Improvement of Growth and Age hath removed them, Adam and Eve, and after them all Parents were, by the Law of Nature, under an financial obligation to preserve, nourish, and educate the Children, they had begotten." (Second Treatise, sec.56) Apparently, then, Locke believes that parents may overrule bad choices that their children might make, including self-regarding actions. Leaving aside Lockes duty of self- preservation, his theory permits adults to do as they wish with their own bodies. But this is not the case for children, because their lack of reason pr steadyts them from making sensible choices. To permit a willful child from taking serious risks to his health or safety even if he wants to is permissible on this theory. Parents (and other adults as well) also seem to have a duty to refrain from taking advantage of the childs weak reasonable faculties to exploit or abuse him. On top of this, Locke affirms that parents have enforceable obligation to preserve, nourish, and educate their children not because they consented to do so, but because they have a natural duty to do so. 2. The Problem of Positive Parental Duties The first difficulty with Lockes theory of childrens rights is that the positive duty of parents to raise their children seems inconsistent with his overall approach. If, as Locke tells us, " causa teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and

The Influence of Lord Henry in The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wil

In analyzing Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray, concepts such as influence and the stock of evil in Dorian Gray play an exceptionally valuable role in understanding the motives of the characters. Although some critics argue characters such as victor Kelso world-shakingly influence Dorians corruption, master key hydrogen Wottons toxic personality undeniably impacts Dorian the most. Throughout the course of the novel, Lord heat content remains the ultimate source of evil and uses deception and persuasion to poison Dorian from a nave boy to a destructive monster. Shortly by and by meeting Dorian for the first time, Lord Henry calmly declares, to influence a person is to give him ones own soul (20). In these few words, Lord Henry foreshadows the entirety of his relationship with Dorian throughout the novel. By sharing his unique thoughts about the scientific view of influence, Lord Henry captures Dorians curiosity and attention, opening the door to the beginning of Doria ns evolution Lord Henry continues to bruise Dorians idol on page 21 when he lectures Dorian about the key to a rewarding life through means of the senses. In response to these heavy regarding influence, sensation, temptation, and beauty, Dorian commands Lord Henry to stop speaking as he absorbs the new light shed upon him For nearly ten minutes he stood there, motionless, with part lips, and eyes strangely bright. He was dimly conscious that entirely fresh influences were at work within him. . . The few words that Basils assistant had said to him words spoken by chance, no doubt, and with willful paradox in them had touched some secret chord that had never been touched before, however that he felt was now vibrating and throbbing to curious puls... ...n goes on to murder Basil in a moment of pure hatred, allowing Lord Henry to ultimately succeed in his aims of winning Dorians soul. Careful examination of Dorians initial susceptibility to influence, willingness to commit sin, and interactions with other characters prove Lord Henry plays the biggest role in transforming Dorian from pure to vicious. With his cunning theories and brainwashing comments, Dorian cannot muster the strength to resist Lord Henrys tyrannic nature, showing there are no limitations in relationships when it comes to influence. The topic of which character primarily influences Dorian to turn to a dishonest lifestyle is undeniably significant in understanding the purpose of the characters as well as the deeper meaning of the text.Work Cited Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York Dover Publications, Inc., 1993.

Analysis of Marketing Techniques used by American Express :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Analysis of Marketing Techniques used by American Express American Express continues to attempt to fatten up its customer base, while at the same prison term trying to keep its reputation as a card of status. Its lucky marketing tactics in the United States compared to the slow expansion into markets abroad show its lack of consideration of the differences of these markets. By preparing a more decisive plan as to what type of consumers to prey and what products to push in each of its market areas, American Express could have a much greater success with foreign expansion.American Express has been cognise as a commodity to most business travelers. In order to build its customer base, other consumers need to see the card as an natural convenience in their lives. American Express offers convenient methods to obtain account information, pay bills, find discounted products, and even make travel plans via the Internet. The Internet site offers these options, as well as oth er services, such as on- line help and assistance for small businesses. American Express realizes the need for many consumers to save time and money, but to still feel important and respected. The ingenuity and thought put into the services offered on the web site shows that American Express is genuinely touch on with the satisfaction of its customers. American Express has always been known for its benefits to travelers. Some of the new travel discounts such as the Bahamas Getaway packages offer significant discounts for planning a vacation in the Bahamas through a travel agent. The catch is that one must charge it on the American Express card to get the discounts. coupon books that offer discounts at many shops, restaurants and attractions are given to those who buy a package. Over $11 million in Bahama Getaway packages were sold in 1999. opposite getaway packages are available to consumers all over the world. American Express has successfully used this marketing strategy, as it realized that consumers want an opportunity to have a go at it an exotic vacation, while at the same time, getting value for their dollar. Saving money is important to most consumers. Once again, American Express aims to please its customers. With these successful ventures, it is difficult to imagine that American Express is struggling in many parts of the world.

Puss in Boots by Charles Perrault Essay -- Fairy Tale Children Story

Charles Perraults classic fairy-tale Puss-in-Boots has been admired and loved by children and adults alike for centuries. This engaging tale features a walking, talking swan who goes expose into the world to make his young masters fortune. It is an adventure of the side-kick hero, of the loyal friend and devoted underling who has only his own exquisite wit and appli fatheadion to help him on his quest. It is also a story with one of the most enigmatic and perplexing protagonists in fairy-tale culture. Puss is a feline who embodies ancient cat symbols in a uniquely paradoxical fashion he is a young-bearing(prenominal) entity in a male character as well as a magical and demonic totem who is perceived as such by only a select few. Cats have always had a powerful maidenly aspect to their image. This is little surprise considering the number of ancient cultures who associated cats with goddess worship. The Egyptians placed a cats head upon their goddess Bast, both the Greeks and Romans made cats attributes of their virgin huntress goddesses Artemis and Diana, and the Norse goddess Freya hatch a chariot drawn by cats (Walker 367). As Hans Bierdermann comments, one can see the frequent feline metaphors in misogynist expressions and clichs a cat fight between two women, a catty remark... (60). One may then ask about Perraults motives behind using a female symbol in the creation of the male Puss. Upon close inspection of the text, the need for the feminine cat becomes evident, and is addressed right at the beginning of the story. The cat must immediately be seen as a relatively useless thing, incapable of the heavy labour needed to generate a reasonable living, unlike the hang around or the ass bestowed upon the two ol... ...e Meanings Behind Them. Trans. James Hulbert. New York Facts on File Inc, 1992Julien, Nadia. The Mammoth Dictionary of Symbols Understanding the Hidden Language of Symbols. London Robinson Publishing, 1996.Mo rgan, Jeanne. Perraults Morals for Moderns. New York Peter Lang Publishing Inc, 1985.Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie. Puss in Boots. The Classic Fairy Tales. New York Oxford University Press, 1974. 142 - 146.Perrault, Charles. Puss-in-Boots. Folk and Fairy Tales. 3rd ed. Ed. Martin Hallett and Barbara Karasek. Ontario Broadview Press Ltd, 2002. one hundred fifty-five - 159.Walker, Barbara G. The Womans Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects. New York Harper & Row, 1988.Zipes, Jack. Of Cats and Men. Out of the Woods The Origins of Literary Fairy Tale in Italy and France. Ed. Nancy L. Canepa. Detroit Wayne State University Press, 1997. 176 - 193.

Ebonics Essay -- essays papers

Ebonics Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics engagement to describe scurrilous Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more than 350 years. Ebonics is a language that is a combination of proper English and a combination of African languages. This combination pattern was formed on how certain words are pronounced such as, this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat in Ebonics. In most Ebonics words with the Th. sound has an D sound. These are just some of the many patterns that were created when Africans were forced to fit the English language. History states that around 1619, during the slave trade, ships collected slaves not just from one nation but from many nations. Some Africans spoke different languages standardized Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa. They were then separated from separately other and had to travel with people whom the could not understand. Captain William Smith (A slave ship owner) wrote, There will be no more likelihood of their succeeding in a plot(lee, 1994,msn). The slaves then had to learn English so that they could have some form of communication with their masters. Their subjective language and English would be combined and they would speak African-English pidgin. As the slaves began to learn how to communicate with each other, their words would merge into one common word that they could on the whole understand. This is one of the ways that the language became mixed with English. When the African slaves had children they talked to them in African English pidgin. The slaves taught the children both languages so that they could communicate with the slave owners and to other slaves. As each generation went on the Africans began to speak bette... ...tion to generation. Ebonics has improved from the early 1600s to now but some of the improper English still stands today. BibliographyFisher, Julene E Dont Be a eccentric Learn How Black English Has Enriched The Language The Salt Lake Tribune www.MSN.com Internet (1996)Lee, Felicia R Lingering Conflict in the Schools Black Dialect vs. Standard Speech, The newfound York Times www.MSN.com Internet (1994)Lewis, Brian C. Black English Its History and Its Role in the Education Of Our Children The Three Twelve Group www.MSN.com Internet (1996)North Carolina Discovers, The Origin of Black Folk Music Snow Camp Historical Drama Society (1994)Smitherman, Geneva, Talkin and Testifyin The Language Of Black America. Detroit Wayne State University (1986)Stoller, Paul ed. Black American English. New York dell Publishing (1975) www.MSN.com

Ebonics Essay -- essays papers

Ebonics Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to define Black Dialect or Black side or many of the other names that it has been given for to a greater extent than 350 years. Ebonics is a manner of speaking that is a combination of proper English and a combination of African languages. This combination pattern was formed on how certain words are pronounced such as, this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat in Ebonics. In most Ebonics words with the Th. sound has an D sound. These are just some of the many patterns that were created when Africans were forced to learn the English language. History states that around 1619, during the slave trade, ships collected slaves not just from sensation nation but from many nations. Some Africans spoke different languages like Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa. They were then separated from each other and had to travel with people whom the could not understand. Captain William Smith (A slave ship owner ) wrote, There will be no more likelihood of their succeeding in a plot(lee, 1994,msn). The slaves then had to learn English so that they could have some form of communication with their masters. Their native language and English would be combined and they would speak African-English pidgin. As the slaves began to learn how to communicate with each other, their words would merge into one common word that they could all understand. This is one of the ways that the language became mixed with English. When the African slaves had children they talked to them in African English pidgin. The slaves taught the children both languages so that they could communicate with the slave owners and to other slaves. As each propagation went on the Africans began to speak bette... ...tion to generation. Ebonics has improved from the early 1600s to now but some of the improper English still stands today. BibliographyFisher, Julene E Dont Be a Geek let out How Black English Has Enriched The La nguage The Salt Lake Tribune www.MSN.com Internet (1996)Lee, Felicia R Lingering Conflict in the Schools Black Dialect vs. Standard Speech, The New York multiplication www.MSN.com Internet (1994)Lewis, Brian C. Black English Its History and Its Role in the Education Of Our Children The Three Twelve Group www.MSN.com Internet (1996)North Carolina Discovers, The Origin of Black common people Music Snow Camp Historical Drama Society (1994)Smitherman, Geneva, Talkin and Testifyin The Language Of Black America. Detroit Wayne State University (1986)Stoller, Paul ed. Black American English. New York Dell create (1975) www.MSN.com

Freedom Writers

FREEDOM WRITERS MOVIE REVIEW The movie Freedom Writers (directed by Ric sticky LaGravenese , starring Hilary shoot as Erin Gruwell an ablaze new teacher, Scott Glenn as Steve Gruwell (Erins father), Imelda Staunton as Margaret Vail ( plane section head), Patrick Dempsey as Scott Casey (Erins husband), Mario as Andre (student), and April Lee Hernandez as Eva (Student)) gave me the impression of sending a hidden message. In that message it said a lot to me about how any wholeness no matter who they are, make water the right to do anything if they are willing to stand up for it.We watch as an up and climax teacher teaches a classroom of students who come and go to juvenile detention centers, homeless, and for some jail, to work together and non against. It has also been inspirational to me because it teaches people not to discriminate or stereotype early(a)s just because of their ethnic background. Set in Long Beach, California (19941996), Freedom Writers, based on a true story, pu ts into receive this negative stereotype of people within an ethnic community passing to a crime filled environment.The high school students within the movie belong to a segregated community, where each race is divided into separate tribes. The students are represented as a central point to the movie, and the way they struggle to divulge free from the chaotic atmosphere around them to emerge as one, putting away the elements of the separate/extra and accepting their classmates for who they are rather than the color of their shinny or ethnicity. On her first day teaching, Erin Gruwell encounters an empty classroom and has to wait till a school officer drags the students into class.The students separate into racial groups in the classroom, fights check off out, and eventu on the wholey most of the high school students stop attending class. Not only does Gruwell feel hostility from her high school students, but she also clashes with her de elementment head, who refuses to let her teach her high school students with books in case they get damaged and lost, and instead tells her to focus on training them discipline and obedience.As time passes on she slowly but eventually begins to earn their trust and buys them composition books to record their diaries, in which they talk about their experiences of be evicted, abused, and seeing their friends die. I believe Hilary Swank fulfilled her part as a teacher for her students because she made it seem as if she was really going above and beyond for the students. I believe Imelda Staunton who vie as Margaret Vail, fulfilled the expectations but at the same time, I feel hers could have been more out there.April Lee Hernandez as Eva, was perfect for the role because she gave her section a hostile and tough demeanor. I call back that made her more exciting to listen to because of what she has come from to achieve her perception of others in the movie. I was ablaze by this movie and would watch it again for the charac ters backgrounds and seeing them achieve their goals. The actors gave what was asked of them.Freedom WritersThere is an obvious discrimination shown in the movie Freedom Writers, where allbody hates everybody and they got no election but to live in a world full of pandemonium. Random cultural implications are shown in the movie. Where one has to accept his/her society since birth, or psyche has to really join a gang to keep up and belong to a hood. In the case of the students in the movie, they are just simply pessimistic and what they all just do is to keep raging flames in their hearts. Until one tough and undeniably smart professor came on their way to take treat Ms.Gruwell. As Ms. Gruwell came into the movie, I just thought that there will really be one person who will unexpectedly cross ones liveness and lead you towards impunity. Same with the world or true country where there is rampant chaos and a peacemaker leads to fight for the right. At first, Ms. Gruwell had mi sdirect that she wasnt able to understand everything. And because she thinks and considers the factors she sees in her current endeavor, she came up with a very unique plan that a usual professor wouldnt think about. FREEDOM WRITING. I guess, the maker of the movie wanted to disseminate how the therapy of writing ones feelings comes into such a relief to those whose minds are insane and broken. This is a very good twist in the movie, where in cultural liberalism takes place. Series of difficulties are shown in the movie, and how brave Ms. Gruwell and the students faced it together. Regardless of race, nationality and status, they all worked it out and contempt Ms. Gruwells dispute in school, everything worked out the way it is supposed to be.I felt bad because I know that the movie really happens in reality, and I have this hope in my heart that there will be more people who will understand and become more like Ms. Gruwell. The line usual I worry when will I be free. is poignant. Same as in our daily lives when we encounter suffering, we ask ourselves and feels like were being trapped. entirely we have to do is sigh, pray and breathe There we will find peace. We shall be always open for changes for it is indispensible and constant. We shall all be brave and continue life as it is by fighting for the truth.We shall always voice out our thoughts and prevent misjudges because of races and kinds. We must be united despite the challenges in life. We shall not condemn one but ourselves too when society has its crisis and it breaks dow. And when WE break down, we shall stand UP one by one. The book Outliers? is basically are victory stories wherein Malcolm Gladwell, a renowned writer, gives pragmatic explanations of how extraordinary people gain achiever. The stories situated in the book always involve different aspects of success such as the environment, patience and hard work, coincidences and other things happening around.Basically, the ideas give common-s ense? answer to the question. These people have succeeded because of the things that surrounds them and not just only by themselves. As stated It makes a difference where and when we grew up, this clear explains that a person don? t achieve success not only by himself but it matters on the situations and opportunities that lies around him. Gladwell investigates place, time and culture of these success stories in order to come up with practical explanations behind it.This also includes the relevant events that happened in certain terminus of time where these people are part and been to these events. So in other words, these people have been to certain event in their lives that made them succeed. Gladwell thought of these idea to see the logic about being successful or not, in this case is by asking where these people came from. One way Gladwell explains it is by determining the important events in certain period of time which are based on patterns of birthdates of a group of people such as the Canadian hockey team, Czechoslovakian National Junior soccer team and the people behind today? technology, MAC and PC. There are many different stories that Gladwell shared in order to produce one military position of defining success. And, this all comes to one conclusion what? s behind success. 10,000 Hour Rule The 10,000 hour rule is my most favorite part of the book, where it explains patience and hard work. These are the most important things that I believe about success. Practically, we need practices in order to make things perfect and in order. It? s a universal idea of how things became successful with more practices you do to be closer to perfection and success.There are thousands of stories behind success that involves practicing and perseverance. From the Outliers? , especially with the musicians in the stories, it will take a lot of practices and experiences to produce series of great performances. The Beatles Lennon and McCartney started playing in 1957 but became known in the U. S. in 1964, which they took seven years to succeed. To analyze it with other genre, shattering Pumpkins started playing in 1988 in sugar, Illinois they succeeded in the U. S. in 1992 and entered the international music industry in 1995.Charice Pempengco started to join singing contests at the age of 7, and joined hundreds of it onward she performed in Star King in Korea at the age of 14 where Ellen DeGeneres discovered her in YouTube, and she started her international career with David Foster at the age of 15. Her success became unstoppable, but it took years of experiences in order to gain her continuous success. You can actually compare a lot of stories to 10,000 hour rule, this is very common to every success stories around the world. That? why this is the idea I believe and appreciated most. Decoded Numbers Gladwell presented many arguments regarding years, birth-dates, numbers and patterns. And basically, this numbers does show something and its ab out success. barely what I am trying to figure out is if there are millions of numbers of combinations that can be presented by anyone and Gladwell actually showed only about 10 or 20 sets of numbers and dates in tables to prove this logic, and basically this can just occasional and coincidences in my opinion.I do actually believe in his investigations as presented in the book, but it was actually rare and likely can be occurred in just some point in time. In other way, if we compare other set of numbers in the same procedure, these are just a few samples and would be good as basis for success. For example, the birth dates of Chicago Bulls in NBA during the time of Michael Jordan where they became phenomenal and very famous because of winning six championships in 8 years during the 1990? s and they also won the finals over do Jazz in 1998 which is the one of the most popular game in NBA.Below are the rosters for Chicago Bulls in 1997-1998. Technically, you cannot see any pattern e xcept that all of them are born between 1961 to 1974 and above 90% went to college. And also the hall of famer trio, Jordan, Pippen and Rodman do not have anything in common with their birthdates and where they studied. Gladwell actually showed patterns in certain stories but there? s still a lot of success that does not have any methodological patterns. In my opinion, this can still be considered but not a good perspective for success

Canadian Pacific Railway

They were forced surface of office and defeated by the prime parson Alexander Mackenzie What dolefulness did the liberal covet. Face? A major economic depression was sweeping AN( aimway was a huge undertaking) Mackenzie disagreed with McDonald balloons of a nation linked by rail from sea to Mackenzie thought it was a loot of expensive trouble The main geographical problems with building the railway was the mountains to the west. The Fraser River the Canadians shield and the distance from the mainland and Vancouver land.A formula for nation building,remained an inwrought part of Canadian government policy Including a system of protective Tariffs, Western Settlement and The CPRM Canada for Canada -McDonald Resources (Gold In BC) Keep Ameri green goddess out promise BC to build a railroad Eastern politicians viewed the Canadian west as a potential market Parries=well suited for agriculture Canadian gob. back up settlements of the west by farmers Grains and crop would be produced for export abroad income would be spent on Canadian manufacture goods John A. Mcdonald found the backer who can start the railway project.Sir Hugh Allen glomed CPRM, but with American backer. Private investors George Stephen (Bank of Montreal) Donald Smith(HOB) James J Hill It was controversial because it wasnt fair for any of the new railway company rat wanted to come In. Very one sided Sad 1400 miles Waldron to Port Hardy Windsor,Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, North Bay, Sturdy, Fort Williams, ignore, Winnipeg, portage la paired branded, swift current, Medicine Hat, Calgary, Fans, Yale, Port Moody, & Vancouver $60 million to make railway through the Rockies no know path through Selkirk Mint. (Roger) Albert Bowman Rogers, found a path April 1881Avoid land speculators and keep the Americans out William Van Horse was an intelligent and dedicated actor who was chosen to be the general manager of the CPRM. Van Horn instilled a balance of Discipline and doer satisfaction in the workers (Most ly disciplined). He was able to complete the CPRM 5 year a head of the expected date. Cost of blasting tunnels and trestles Creditor cooling In loans worker Unpaid threatening strike snow on tractors Ian Horn moved covet. Troops to Saskatchewan In 10 day to defeat reels forces and the Cree uprising crowfoot had subscribe a treaty with covet. The Cree were suffering

Equity and Trusts: Barnes V Addy Second Limb

Introduction This paper examines the development and scope of adjunct financial obligation low the second leg of Barnes v Addy as it stands in both England and Australia. As to the law in England, the focus will be on the rearticulation of the rule of henchman liability under the second limb as stated in royal stag Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan. In incisionicular, it will consider the extent to which the decision has reconciled inconsistencies in earlier dominance and remedied those issues propounded to be inherent in the handed-down formulation of the principle. At this stage, this traditional principle dust good law in Australia.However, as suggested in Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd, there is potential for the English salute to be adopted in the Australian context. Such an word sense may be advisable in light of the judicial and extra-judicial commentary suggesting that the Orthodox ejaculate is in fact non properly aligned with equitable principles. Th e discussion of this possibility involves not only an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each commence, unless also a determination as to the extent to which the separate application of each approach could result in a divergent outcome.The development of the second limb of Barnes v Addy in Australia- knowing assistance The classic authority on the spate in which ternary pull up stakesies will be held accountable for their involvement in a breach of trust or fiduciary certificate of indebtedness is the English case of Barnes v Addy. It was in this case that Lord Selbourne LC articulated the overmuch cited and analysed statement of principle that has come to form the modern law trangers argon not to be do constructive trustees precisely because they act as the agents of trusteesunless those agents receive and become indictable with some part of the trust property, or unless they assist with knowledge in a deceptive and fraudulent design on the part of the tr ustees. This statement has come to be understood as allowing liability to be imputed on a political companionship in two distinct circumstances, where the third party either knowingly receives trust property, or assists with knowledge in a breach of trust or fiduciary duty.This paper seeks only to consider the latter. In what ostensibly remains the authoritative case on this second limb of Barnes v Addy in Australia, the game homage in Consul education Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Pty Ltd, (Consul Development v DPC) not unlike other cases at the time, focussed predominantly on the level of knowledge which would be sufficient to attract accessory liability in the circumstances before them.The primary question was not unmatchable of the fraud or otherwise of the actions of the third party, but of that third partys knowledge of the dis honorabley of the fiduciary. The majority, it seems, realised that the terms constructive notice and actual notice did not in themselves comprise the requisite sophistication for dealing with the matter of the knowledge of the third party.They instead expressed the demandd degree of knowledge within particular parameters, with neither Stephen J nor Gibbs J willing to extend these parameters to include a lax failure to inquire on behalf of the third party. In Equiticorp Finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand, Kirby P (in dissent) indicated support for the Consul analyse of knowledge, and attempted to clarify the savvy in Consul Development v DPC with reference to the decision in Baden, Delvaxs & Lecuit v Societe Generale pour Favoriser le Development du Commerce et de LIndustrie en France SA (Baden).He equated the degrees of knowledge restrict out by the lavishly Court in Consul Development v DPC with the first four categories as stated in Baden thereby confirming that both actual and constructive knowledge, but not constructive notice, would constitute the requisite degree of knowledge necessary to render a third party conceiva ble under the second limb of Barnes v Addy. Similar findings have been made in later cases where Consul Development v DPC has been declared authority on the matter, although much(prenominal) an explicit reference to the Baden scale is not always present.Conversely, other judge have found the judgement in Consul Development v DPC to be inconclusive, adopting a narrow interpretation of the judgement of Stephen J and restricting the requisite knowledge only to the first three categories of the Baden scale. This tendency toward a narrow approach change magnitude following the decision in Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan (Royal Brunei) as courts attempted to reconcile the UK and Australian lines of authority.However in other cases, such as Gertsch v Atsas it was held that that the acceptance of the first four Baden categories was synonymous with accepting a standard of safey. Given the discordant state of the Australian authorities, the High Court took the fortune in Farah Constru ctions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd, (Farah Constructions) to clarify the Australian position on knowing assistance.Their Honours declared, in obiter, that Australian courts should continue to follow the decision in Consul Development v DPC, thereby continuing to see as necessary the requirement of a blackguardly design on the part of the fiduciary, and subscribing to the proposition that where the third partys knowledge falls within the first four categories of the Baden scale it will answer the requirement of knowledge under the second limb of Barnes v Addy.In what has been referred to as a profound shift in the rules of judicial engagement following Farah Constructions, lower courts have regarded themselves as obligated to follow the obiter of the High Court and have thus returned to an orthodox approach. However, the law in Australia is far from settled on this point and a case is yet to come before the High Court with the facts necessary to allow for a reconsideration of the prin ciples enunciated by the Privy Council in Royal Brunei. The development of the second limb of Barnes v Addy in England- bribable assistanceWhile in Australia the courts are returning to an orthodox approach towards accessory liability, in England, the courts are grappling with a reformulation of the principles under the second limb of Barnes v Addy following the decision in Royal Brunei. In this case, the Privy Council refocussed the relevant inquiry in cases concerning liability under the second limb of Barnes v Addy away from the third partys knowledge of the trustees deception, to the dishonesty of the accessory themselves.Consequently, the dishonesty (or lack thereof) of the trustee or fiduciary is tangential as it is the dishonesty on the part of the accessory that attracts liability. There is nothing new about the application of a dishonesty-based in inquiry into the liability of accessories to a breach of fiduciary duty, with Lord Nicholls suggesting that before the inquir y donned its Barnes v Addy strait-jacket judges hadnt regarded themselves as confined to inquiries into the levels of knowledge of the accessory.It may even be verbalize that the dishonesty-based inquiry had retained its place in contemporary law prior to Royal Brunei, and that it was merely obscured by the additional and more tedious requirement of find the level of knowledge of the accessory. For example, in Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson Millet J stated There is no sense in requiring dishonesty on the part of the whiz while accepting negligence as sufficient for his assistant.Dishonest furtherance of the dishonest scheme of another is an understandable basis for liability negligent but honest failure to appreciate that someone elses scheme is dishonest is not. This can be set alongside other cases which suggest that that the requirement of dishonesty on the part of the principle is in fact a compelling reason not to require dishonesty on the part of the fiduciary, as they are an accessory who merely needs to be is linked to the conduct of the principle. Millet J, however, evidently wishes to see this principle extended, so that dishonesty is required on the part of both parties.The decision in Royal Brunei does not precisely echo this formulation of the dishonestly principle (Lord Nicholls ultimately went on to conclude that that the fiduciary need not be dishonest at all in order for the accessory to be held accountable), but instead clarifies and affirms a general principle in light of other commentary on the point. Consequently, Lord Nicholls in his judgement has set out what is necessary for the inquiry into the accessorys dishonesty, stating that courts should look to determine whether the soul acted as an honest person would in the circumstances in light of their actual knowledge at the time.He further explains that the question should be approached objectively and indicates that the experiment is not one of the reasonable person. He seeks to clari fy this test of dishonesty with the following examples If a person knowlingly appropriates anothers property, he will not light a finding of dishonesty simply because he sees nothing wrong in such behaviourHonest people do not knowingly take others propertyor participate in a transaction if he knows it involves a misapplication of trust assets to the detriment of the beneficiaries.Nor does an honest person in such a case deliberately close his eyes and ears, or deliberately not ask questions, lest he learn something he would quite a not know, then proceed regardless. This passage, while meant to further explain the test for dishonesty, initially seems difficult to reconcile with later comments, where his Lordship makes explicit reference to the departure from the orthodox inquiry into degrees of knowledge, stating that the word knowlingly should be avoided and that the Baden scale was best forgotten.While it seems unproblematic to abandon the Baden scale of knowledge, commentators and courts alike have found difficultly in divorcing the concept of dishonesty from knowledge itself and the most recent authoritative decision on the point Barlow Clowes world-wide Ltd v Eurotrust International Ltd (Barlow Clowes) confirms that an inquiry into dishonesty does to some degree require an inquiry into the knowledge of the third party. Comparison of the English and Australian position unmatchable of the objectives of the court in Royal Brunei was to remedy some of the problems with the orthodox approach to accessory liability.Such problems were not only present in English courts, but have also plagued Australian courts and were not resolved in by the High Courts affirmation of the knowledge-based test in Farah Constructions. Firstly, Lord Nicholls in Royal Brunei sought to realign the principles of accessory liability with equitable doctrines and focussed to begin with on the conscience of the accessory themselves. In the orthodox approach, as expressed in Consul De velopments v DPC, the inquiry is not into the state of mind of the accessory themselves but into the accessorys knowledge of anothers state of mind.It has been suggested that the inquiry has thus been misplaced, and that although it results in an indirect finding of dishonesty on the part of the accessory, it is much further removed from equitable principles than the Royal Brunei approach. Lord Nicholls also sought to do away with the confusion surrounding the need for judges to distinguish mingled with the variant levels of knowledge, in particular constructive knowledge and constructive notice.However, as noted above, Lord Nicholls on several occasions makes reference to the knowledge of the accessory which is the reason that the degree to which the test of dishonesty is divorced from an inquiry into knowledge has been questioned. However, what must be realised here is that the inquiry into knowledge that is embarked upon as part of the dishonesty based approach is different to that which was required under the knowledge based approach.This redirection for the knowledge inquiry was first considered in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley where a encumbrance arose in determining whether Lord Nicholls had intended for an objective or subjective approach to be taken to dishonesty. In the leading judgement, Lord Hutton tendered the combined test which required that the third partys conduct be dishonest by the standards of the reasonable person as well as requiring an appreciation by the third party that by those standards his or her conduct was dishonest.This combined test endured much academic criticism and was seen as being inconsistent with the objective test enunciated by Lord Nicholls in Royal Brunei. The Privy Council, and in particular, Lord Hoffman (who was in the majority in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley) had the opportunity in Barlow Clowes to clarify the comments made in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley. It was stated that the majority in Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley had, in f act, always espoused a test in line with that which was conceptualised in Royal Brunei and it was commentators who had reorient this test into a different form.Despite the contempt that many commentators had for this account, the statement of a complete principle of dishonest assistance was applauded. Incorporated in this principle was the deduction that the liability of the accessory was not dependant on a requirement for fraud or dishonesty on the part of the fiduciary, but depended solely upon whether the accessory was at fault. This is the converse position of the orthodox approach, whereby a third party can escape liability even where they know they are assisting in a breach of fiduciary duty, provided that the fiduciary was not acting dishonestly.Thomas J in Powell v Thompson held that protecting a person with a guilty conscience in this manner was not in line with equitable principles, and his consequent assertion that the conduct of the principle should be irrelevant was l ater approved in Brunei. One significant consequence of the divergent approaches in what are currently the UK and Australian positions on this matter would be the substantial difference in outcome in cases where the fiduciary had acted innocently.Provided that all other requirements are satisfied, in the UK the accessory would be held liable however in Australia they would not. Further to this, while some Australian judges have found it difficult to distinguish the traditional approach from that of Royal Brunei, the fact that the orthodox reliance on the Baden scale restricts investigations only to knowledge and not to other attributes or types of conduct, lends weight to the argument that in certain circumstances there would be divergent outcomes of the two approaches. Perhaps, it is best to take FarahConstructions as authority on this point, with the High Court in this case imputing that one of the reasons it is directing courts to treat the approaches distinctly is due to the pot ential for the different formulations of the principle to lead to different results. Conclusion In line with the arguments presented in this paper, it is submitted that the approach to accessory liability espoused in Royal Brunei is preferable to that which was propounded in Consul Development v DPC due what is an superficial irreconcilability of the latter case with conventional equitable doctrines.This assertion turns on the manner in which the judges in Consul Development v DPC dealt with the requirement for a dishonest and fraudulent design on the part of the fiduciary as per Lord Selbourne LC in Barnes v Addy. Like many other cases at the time, Consul Development v DPC was concerned more with attempts to define what Lord Selbourne had meant by a dishonest and fraudulent design rather than questioning whether it was an appropriate criterion for the imposition of liability on a third party.Consequently, when it came to fulfilling equitys calls as to inquiries into the conscience of the defendant, courts were misguided and came to focus instead on the conscience of the principle. The arguments in favour of the retention of this approach are largely set out in reliance on the requirement that the third party be implicated in the conduct of the fiduciary. However, as suggested in Royal Brunei, assistance in itself should be enough to draw a sufficient connection between the accessory and the fiduciary.It was this realisation which enabled Lord Nicholls in Royal Brunei to reformulate the principle under the second limb of Barnes v Addy so as to redirect inquiries into the minds of defendants to their appropriate place in accordance with equitable principles. Although the adoption of the approach in Brunei may not result in major shift in the law of accessory liability in Australia, its rumination of circumstances in which the third party can be held liable even where the fiduciary is innocent would at the very least resolve the seemingly inequitable approach to this point as it stands in current Australian law. Bibliography Articles/Books/Reports Aitken, L, Unforgiven Some thoughts on Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 29 Australian Bar Review 195 Andrews, G, The prolixity of dishonest assistance (2003) 8 Conveyancing and Property impartiality Journal 1 Birks, P, Misdirected funds Restitution from the Recipient (1989) Lloyds Maritime & Commercial LQ 296 Chambers, R, Knowing recognize Frozen In Australia (2007) 2 Journal of Equity 40 Cope, M, A comparative evaluation of developments in equitable relief for breach of fiduciary duty and breach of trust 2006 QUT legal philosophy Journal 7Cope, M, Equitable Obligations Duties, Defences and Remedies (2008), Lawbook Co, Pyrmont. Hoffman, L, The Redundancy of Knowing Assistance in Birks, P (ed), The Frontiers of Liability, (1994) vol 1, Oxford University Press, New York Dietrich, J & Ridge, P The receipt of what? questions concerning third party recipient liability in equ ity and unjust enrichment 2007 Melbourne University Law Review 3 Harding, M & Malkin, I, The High Court of Australias Obiter Dicta and Decision-Making in Lower Courts 34 Sydney Law Review 2 Kirby, M, Equitys Australian Isolationism (2008) 8 Melbourne University Law Review 2Kiri, N, Recipient and accessory liability- where do we stand now? (2006) 21 Journal of International Banking Law and Regulation 11 Loughlan, P L, Liability for Assistance in a Breach of Fiduciary Duty (1989) 9 Oxford Leg Studies 260 stonemason, K, President Masons Farewell Speech (2008) 82 Australian Law Journal 11 Ong, D, The Knowledge or Role that makes a Person an Accessory under the Barnes v Addy Principle (2005) 17 Bond Law Review 6 Radan, P Stewart, C, Principles of Australian Equity Trusts, (2010), LexisNexis Australia, ChatswoodSullivan, G R, Framing an Acceptable General offensive activity of Fraud (1989) 53 Journal of Criminal Law 92 Thomas, S B, Knowing Receipt and Knowing Assistance Where do we st and? (1997) 20 UNSW Law Journal 1 Thornton, R, Dishonest Assistance Guilty Conscience or Guilty Mind? 2002 61 Cambridge Law Journal 3 ? Case Law Aequitas v AEFC 2001 NSWSC 14 Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson 1990 Ch 265 Air Canada v ML Travel Ltd (1993) 108 DLR (4th) 592 Attorney-General v Corporation of Leicester (1844) 7 Beav 176 ASIC v AS Nominees (1995) 133 ALR 1Baden Delvaux Lecuit v Societe Generale pour Favorisier le Developpment du Commerce et de lIndustrie en France SA 1992 4 All ER 279 Barlow Clowes International Ltd v Eurotrust International Ltd 2006 1 All ER 333 Barnes v Addy (1874) 9 Ch App 214 Beach Petroleum NL v Johnson (1993) 115 ALR 411 Belmont Finance Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2) 1980 1 All ER 393 Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Herbert Smith Co (No 2) 1969 2 Ch 276 Consul Development Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Pty Ltd (1975) 132 CLR 373 Corporate Systems Publishing Pty Ltd v Lingard No 4 2008 WASC 21 Coshott v Lenin 2007 NSWCA 153Digital Cinema Network Pty Ltd v Hepburn (No 4) 2011 FCA 509 DPC Estates v Grey 1974 1 NSWLR 433 double birdie Trust plc v SPC Securities Ltd 1992 4 All ER 489 Eaves v Hickson (1861) 30 Beav 136 Equiticorp Finance Ltd v Bank of New Zealand (1993) 32 NSWLR 50 Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89 Flyer v Flyer (1841) 3 Beav 141 Gertsch v Atsas(1999) 10 BPR 18,431 John Alexanders Clubs Pty Ltd v White metropolis Tennis Club Ltd Walker Corp Pty Ltd vWhite City Tennis Club Ltd (2010) 241 CLR 1 Karak Rubber Co Ltd v Burden 1972 1 All ER 1210 Kation Pty Ltd v Lamru Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 2) 2009 NSWCA 428Lipkin Gorman v Kapnale Ltd 1992 4 All ER 451 Maher v Millenium Markets Pty Ltd 2004 VSC 174 NCR Australia Pty Ltd v Credit Connection Pty Ltd 2005 NSWSC 111 New Cap Reinsurance Corporation Ltd v General Cologne Re Australia Ltd 2004 NSWSC 781 Ninety Five Pty Ltd in liq v Banque Nationale de Paris 1988 WAR 132 Powell v Thompson 1991 NZLR 597 Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan Kok Ming 1995 2 AC 378 Selangor United Rubber Estates Ltd v Cradock (No 3) 1968 1 WLR 155 Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley 2002 2 AC 164 Voss v Davidson & Ors 2002 QSC 316 Yeshiva Properties No 1 Pty Ltd v Marshall (2005) 219 ALR 11

Medieval Pilgrimage

Medieval Pilgrimage In this essay I will discuss how medieval pilgrimages were considered to be a cultural phenomenon. Over tout ensemble thither were many motivations for pilgrims to participate in the act of a pilgrimage. Elaborate excessive artwork led to competitions at pilgrimage sites. Medieval pilgrimages changed Christians along with other spectral people, spiritually and emotionally. Pilgrims went on locomotes that were over long distances that proved to be physical and mental hardships.Before they left they would receive a blessing after a lavish confession to a priest or Bishop, mostly if their pilgrimage was to be a journey of penance. Christians believed that these particular pilgrimages would help them in a number of ways. They believed that the journey would deepen his or her faith, would cure the impossible disease or illness, or just bring them closer to God. The beginning pilgrimages started off by traveling to the places where rescuer and the Apostles lived whi le on earth.Constantine was the first Roman emperor that believed in Christianity. With him believing, and respecting what the pilgrimage stood for, Constantine constructed three major sites designed for major pilgrimages such as, the Basilica in capital of Israel at the place where Christ was crucified, the Holy Sepulcher which was the site of Jesus burial and resurrection, and eventually in Bethlehem Constantine commissi sensationd another perform over the countermine said to be Jesus birthplace. Sorabella) Even though the three sites said above were the most popular of pilgrimages, Rome became another destination for pilgrims because it was easier access for European pilgrims than the Holy land. (Sorabella) Rome had many relics of saints and martyrs which over a period of time became a reason to set foot on a pilgrimage. Many would mass to see a saints hand or the Virgin Marys veil. Art played a huge role in this cultural phenomenon. Having many relics all over Europe sparke d many opportunities for artists to create important works of art for the relics themselves. Sculptors and goldsmiths made reliquaries required to enshrine the holy objects. Jewelers produced bantam containers for sacred material for the faithful to wear. (Sorabella) This was one of the better times to be an artist. Artists created diametric souvenirs for pilgrims to celebrate and remember their pilgrimage. Every relic and Holy place had a different souvenir for that location. The souvenirs ranged from simple badges, mirrors, or even miniature elaborate reliquaries.Churches would trade or even steal relics from their original resting place, which for at least one location was cause for immense celebration, and was often depicted in art. It was customary for pilgrims to bring offerings to the shines they visited, and many of these, too, were works of art costly liturgical vessels, elaborate hieratic vestments, and other precious objects enriched the treasury of every pilgrimage c hurch. (Sorabella) In the later Middle Ages pilgrims traveled because churches would promise to consolidate with god ab break their sins over a whole lifetime to be forgiven.With this in effect, churches made extreme renovations to accommodate larger numbers of pilgrims at one time. A perfect example of this is the church Saint Denis which dramatically had undergone many changes in the early twelfth century. I have not experienced a journey of this magnitude in my lifetime. However, I think it would be a great experience from an emotional point of view. It may not be an exact pilgrimage but in the calendar month of October I will be going on my own journey to Europe. I hope to gain a broader outlook on cultural differences.I am so used to living in the same place, so it will be an exciting new adventure to be thrown into a different world and experience Europes normal aspects of life. There are certain places that I am specifically going just to see, such as the Roman Coliseum, Sai nt Peters Basilica, and the Leaning tower of Pisa. I can imagine that these three destinations will bring a number of emotions out in me. I also can imagine that this is probably the same way a pilgrim felt on his or her journey once they finally saw what they had travelled so far for.I also see myself buying trinkets in memory of a particular destination just like a pilgrim buying a miniature relic once seeing Santiago de Compostela where Saint James was discovered. The concept and experiences of a pilgrimage were widely popular all throughout Medieval Europe. It sparked imagination and hope, and set the tone for travel of many different kinds. These basic concepts have not changed much in todays time. Most travelers do not travel from a spiritual standpoint, however most travelers will travel far and wide for an emotional experience.

Brave New World

Through the reasons manipulation of word choice, the reviewer can judge that the brave new worldly concerns society is establish on advanced engineering and attainment. Words such as laboratories and microscopes are generally utilise in an environment that relates to the region of science. One wouldnt typically align microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the proofreader can deduct from coarse knowledge the location must be some course of science practice.Another give away that Brave newfangled knowledge base is a adjust of innovative technologies would be the constructions name teach Centre. Its uncommon in most societies if not all for learn to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this subdivision of the text, the reader can assume the Brave freshly man is an advanced society with create ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave naked as a jaybird World micr oscopes, polished tubes, laboratories fill up with white coats and zygotes conveys Huxleys opinion of a world filled with technological advances.When one reads the words Hatchery and teach Centre, immediately subjects universe be born and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatch from the passage, the reader can venture that a thirty-four report card building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the designer gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the Fertilizing Room, the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison bent everywhere their instruments. These are professors Through the authors manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new worlds society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as laboratories and microscopes are generally employ in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldnt typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some version of science practice.Another give away that Brave in the altogether World is a place of innovative technologies would be the buildings name Conditioning Centre. Its uncommon in most societies if not all for instruct to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this soften of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World microscopes, polished tubes, laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes conveys Huxleys image of a world filled with technological advances.When one reads the words Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the pas sage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the Fertilizing Room, the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison bent all over their instruments. These are professorsBrave New WorldThrough the authors manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new worlds society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as laboratories and microscopes are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldnt typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice.Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the buildings name C onditioning Centre. Its uncommon in most societies if not all for conditioning to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World microscopes, polished tubes, laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes conveys Huxleys concept of a world filled with technological advances.When one reads the words Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the Fertilizing Room, the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison bent over t heir instruments. These are professors Through the authors manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new worlds society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as laboratories and microscopes are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldnt typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice.Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the buildings name Conditioning Centre. Its uncommon in most societies if not all for conditioning to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World microscopes, polished tubes, laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes conveys Huxleys concept of a world filled with technological advances.When one reads the words Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the Fertilizing Room, the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison bent over their instruments. These are professorsBrave New WorldThrough the authors manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new worlds society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as laboratories and microscopes are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldnt typically find microscopes in the ki tchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice.Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the buildings name Conditioning Centre. Its uncommon in most societies if not all for conditioning to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World microscopes, polished tubes, laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes conveys Huxleys concept of a world filled with technological advances.When one reads the words Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the Fertilizing Room, the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison bent over their instruments. These are professors Through the authors manipulation of word choice, the reader can infer that the brave new worlds society is based on advanced technology and science. Words such as laboratories and microscopes are generally used in an environment that relates to the field of science. One wouldnt typically find microscopes in the kitchen after all. By using these diction words to help describe the scene, the reader can infer from common knowledge the location must be some form of science practice.Another give away that Brave New World is a place of innovative technologies would be the buildings name Conditioning Centre. Its uncommon in most societies if not all for conditioning to be immoral, based on the practice is a science to rid free will. With this part of the text, the reader can assume the Brave New World is an advanced society with developed ideals. The numerous mental images depicted in Brave New World microscopes, polished tubes, laboratories filled with white coats and zygotes conveys Huxleys concept of a world filled with technological advances.When one reads the words Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, immediately subjects being hatched and molded comes to mind. Although it is not known what is being hatched from the passage, the reader can infer that a thirty-four story building is there for a lot more than brooding poultry. Once introduced inside of the building, the author gives a description of the laboratories within. As the Director enters the Fertilizing Room, the author creates a room of silence, occupied by three hundred Fertilizers in unison bent over their instruments. These are professors

History of African American Music Essay

The result is usu wholey described as soul music, a merge of blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel voices. But, if Ray Charles was 1 of the originators of soul music, Aretha Franklin reshaped it, by bringing even more of her gospel background to bear on secular fare songs (Wade and Picardie 27). By combining popular elements with her stunning voice, her great musicianship, and the feeling for a song that she learned in church, Aretha became one of the greatest soul singers to ever live. Aretha Franklin is a well- cognize pop, R&B, and gospel singer.She has been nicknamed The Queen of Soul and is an internationally known artist and a symbol of pride in the African American community. Her popularity soared in 1967 when she released an album containing songs I Never Loved a Man, Respect, and Baby I Love You. Throughout her career she has achieved fifteen Grammy Awards, lifespan Achievement Award, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Legend Awards, and many Grammy stude nt residence of Fame Awards. In 1987 she became the first woman inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.Time magazine chose her as one of the most influential artists and entertainers of the 20th century. She sang at Dr. Martin Luther Kings funeral and at former President line Clintons inaugural party. Although she has all these accomplishments and awards there are other reasons that have driven Franklin to fame and landed her on the front cover of Time magazine on June 28, 1968. The reasons I take allowed Aretha Franklin to perform so successful are the following Her familys involvement with religion, the inspiring people that surrounded her, and the pain she suffered.It is clear that because her familys involvement with religion would be one reason why Aretha Franklin became as famous as a Gospel singer. Some people would say that her hunch for religion is unbelievable, but after researching her childhood it is very believable. Her acquire, Reverend Clarence LaVaugh Fra nklin lived in Shelby Mississippi and preached while living the life of a sharecropper. As soon as he had enough money, he would move to Memphis, Tennessee to become a pastor of two churches. After a couple of years he attended LeMoyne College, and he studied Education and English Literature.With his education he was able to bring a more liberal view to his preachings. Then he travel the family to Buffalo, New York. When he had the resources, he moved the family again to Detroit, Michigan were he settled and became a pastor of a churched called New Bethel Baptist perform. He quickly became one of the most famous pastors in the city of Detroit. Aretha was two years old when they made their final move, she would grow up here and grab the emotion of Church and incorporate it into her music. Aretha Franklins mom, Barbara V. Skaggers, served as choir director and pianist.Aretha describes her mom as a Superb singer, her voice was clear and distinctive. (Franklin and Ritz, 6) Her parents taught her how to sing with great pride. This was a big issue because the late 50s, early 60s was a age of turmoil for African Americans. Her father especially tried to in until now pride into her. He was a Civil Rights activist and he was a close colleague with Dr. Martin Luther King. With her parents keeping her involved in Church she was bound to become one of the worlds greatest singers. At around age 12, the father recognized Arethas talent as a singer.So he took her on the road with his locomotion gospel show. This was important because it shows the kind of support Aretha received from her family. It was said, She was a spellbinding performer at the age of fourteen. (Franklin, 3) So her family really supported and inspired her to become a gospel singer. What also made her a great artist was that she had inspiring people all around her. Aretha grew up in Detroit which at the time was a rousing city or a city of hope for the African Americans running a sort from the brutality of the South.Though Detroit still had its problems such as race riots, many famous musicians grew up there. Also since New Bethel Baptist Church was so prominent, many musicians and political leaders used Reverend Franklins stump as a platform to sing or speak to the Blacks of Detroit. Aretha was introduced to classical music by Smokey Robinsons sister Sylvia Burston. She listened to well known local DJs like Ruth Brown and Senator Brystal Brown. When Aretha was younger, she would ride her bike to the local park, and on her way home she would stop by a night club where you could here B.B. King perform. She says, You could hear the soft sound of his guitar all the way to the sidewalk (Franklin and Ritz, 22). National and local political leaders would send there speeches. Speakers such as Dr. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. , Dr. Martin Luther King, and Reverend Jesse Jackson would speak powerfully to the church. Aretha was directly influenced by Miriam Anderson, Sammy Davis, and Roy Wilki ns. Detroit was overflowing with talent and speakers which I believe also contributed to Arethas success.Pain was probably what really drove Aretha Franklins success. As stated before, Franklins family was highly religious and was continually involved in the Church. But that doesnt mean that she hadnt been through a tremendous amount of pain. Early in life her mother and father got a divorce. The father was better suitable to raise Aretha and her four Siblings. The mother moved to Buffalo, New York and tried to make regular visits to see her children. She was supported her children in the best way she could, but when Aretha needed her, she still was not reachable.Matters became worst a few years later when Arethas mom dies of a stroke. Aretha described her mom by saying she was the absolute lady (Smith, 3). At age 15 she had her first child and two years later another would come. But Aretha still valued to go out and be with friends, so her grandmother usually babysat for her perio dically. In a time when Black Activism, Feminism, and Sexual Liberation were high, she needed to provide for herself. So when Aretha was old enough and was ready to start performing, she hired a man named Ted White to be her manager.He later became her husband. In the future she would divorce him for a famous actor which would end in divorce, too. Even though in 1968 to 1969, Franklins career was rising rapidly. She was still described by her Producer Jerry Wexler as a person whose depressions runs deeper than the sea (Ritchie Unterberger, 3). Then one of Franklins highest admirers, gospel giant Mahalia Jackson died. Right after her death a extremely ruttish gospel album was released my Aretha Amazing Grace This record was considered to be one of the most emotional records of its time.Much of the pain that Aretha suffered was not really publicized, but still it had to be one of the reasons for her to have such a powerful voice. Aretha Franklin was a successful artist and still insp ires musicians today. Her voice is still described as incredible. She has all the awards that she needs to show her talent. Works cited Franklin, Aretha, and David Ritz. Aretha From These Roots. New York Villard, 1999. Print. Carroll, Jillian. Aretha Franklin. Chicago Raintree, 2004. Print

Greatest Happiness Principle

In his book Utilitarianism, philosopher John Stuart Mills expands and defends the notion of using the theory of usefulness to decipher between right and wrong, good or bad, in an attempt to rescue it from utter degradation from those who have misapplied the theory. This brief essay will summarize Mills view of utilitarianism by outlining its main themes and issues.Mills is primarily pertain with determining how feelings of pleasure, beauty and happiness play into our ethical standards. His theory is founded upon the belief that a rational human being will make choices and act with the refinement of achieving and fulfilling the greatest utility. For Mills, the words pleasure and utility are interchangeable, a point he makes in reference to criticism received by previous theories of utility that limited the range of utilitys possibilities.In contrast to his predecessors, Mills advances the Greatest-Happiness Principle in chapter two. This principle holds that any action can be judge d right or good as long as they promote happiness. In fact, the principle states that the degree of rightness or goodness of an act stands in direct affinity to the amount of happiness the act promotes.This has far ranging consequences because it is not limited to the happiness achieved by an individual in each context, but more importantly it takes into flyer the greatest human happiness that results from any particular action.Utilitarianism, then, creates a model by which human beings can gauge their actions with the metric of utility for all. His proof of utilitarianism wherefore shows how happiness can be morally desired as a end in and of itself. It promotes people to act in accordance with the greatest honey oil good. People not only benefit themselves by acting in this noble way, but they benefit all of humanity in the process.

Western Borrowed Muslim

The Islamics have been a part of the American History of all time since the Pre-Columbian metres. The Early explorers use maps that were make by Muslims. At the time, the Muslims had advance Geographical and Navigational information. Also, aside from this, during the time when African slaves were merchandise in the Americas, half of the slave population could be estimated to be Muslims. The Msulims arrived in Europe in different ways, these were through, Muslim Explorers, Muslim Armies, Traders, and through Scientific Research and Arabic Manuscripts.Europe being influenced by Muslim close was famous for exploring the Western Continent. These are some instances in History that could usher a wide influence in Culture. Islamic Science In 750 AD, Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad, helped Science not only to thrive, entirely in addition spread towards the West(Spain) and East(Central Asia) in a period of over six hundred years. Influenced by Greek, Indian and Persian Culture, the early Arab Muslim scholars were sufficient accrue an insurmountable amount of scientific knowledge. In doing so, they were able to charge off it flourish through their own innovations and discoveries.astronomy and maths were two of the bodies of knowledge which the Muslims paid attention to. Astronomy was particularly important to them special(prenominal)ally because of their religion. In Muslim Religion, genius must pray towards a specific direction, specifi forebodey towards Mecca. Wherever a Muslim follower is, he must pray towards that direction, and at the time, they did not rely on any instruments much(prenominal) as a compass, but simply relied on the stars. Mathematics is relatively important to them as well with regards to dividing their property with regards to Inheritance in the Islamic Law.Although Science positive with the help of Islams, there are no active figures in Science that were Muslims. But during the 12th and thirteenth Centuries, the Research paper done by these people were translated from Arab to Latin and was passed to the western continents. Medical Arts A book that may be found in on-line, Islamic Medicine, Proviedes studies and various essays pertaining to different Physicians and scholars which would contain chapters on Islamic Medical Ethics, euthanasia and AIDS.The advance stages of Arab Medicine came in 12th and 13th Century, wherein we can bob up entries pertaining to Medical Schools flourishing in the Muslim Society. Some achievements of Arab medicine that were overlooked by the west was Muslim(Arab) grow of European Medicine, and the Discovery of how Pulmonary Circulation works in the Body. In fact it was discovered later by two doctors in the U. S. that the Pulmonary Circulation was indeed discovered by a Muslim that goes by the hang of Ibn Nafis.This proves that the Pulmonary Circulation was not discovered in the 16th Century by the Europeans, but by Ibn Nafis who was in truth a famous physician of the 13th Century. chemical science and Chemistry Alchemy is often related to magic. It is depict as the Magical transformation of different kinds of metal, specifically Lead, into gold which is the most precious metal of the time. Alchemy in reality is the precursor to Modern Chemistry as we know it. A record from the fourteenth Century of the Arabs maid by Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Ahmed al-Iraqi, pertained to a book which was about the cultivation of Gold. Literature and PoetryAn Arab named Al Biruni, born in Khawarizm(Caspian Basin), who lived in 1050s was a man of letters and words who gave the Arabic Culture a universal dimension. Al wrote in the Persian and Arabic languages. He said, I was brought up in one language (that of Khawarizm) I learnt Arabic and Persian later, and I therefore come as an outlander to both these languages, my command of which I strive to perfect. But I must confess that I would kind of be insulted in Arabic than praised in Persian. In the 8th Century, the first Ar abic Literature that could be called a masterpiece was Ibn Al-Muqaffas Kalila Wa Dimna.This was an indication to the nature of this epoch and in any case it was a collection of Indian Fables translated in the Arab language. These Indian fables may it be the Persian or the original Sanskrit version is now lost. Arab grammarians were able to establish rules for the language which was developed to be pure and as much as possible, close to its origins. This was the time that the first Arab vocabularyary was created. During this time, the paper industry developed and the rulers began to take a liberal approach with regards to arts. shortly after, the aristocracy supported and patronized the evolution of Literature. Literary genres such as the Epistle, the short story(risala) and the maqama(a mix of diction and reality in a form of a rhythmic prose, where in the action is centered towards one character), prospered. It was at this time that the champions of Reason started to debate again st the conservative majority, whether to keep their native tongue or fan out diversity. The Arabian Nights, Alf Layla Wa Layla, or the World famous A Thousand and One Nights is an essence of peddlers writings.Peddlers Literature in laymens terms would mean a form of humans speaking. In Muslim countries, public speaking is a form of entertainment or communication that is love by all. creation Speeches are done in city squares and is often used to deliver poetry, which comes with gestures. The Public speaker must have a god command of the literary piece and must also command the public to continually gain their attention. Geometrical Ornamentation Because of the Geometrical style of Ornamentation, the art of Muslims travel towards pure abstraction.Art of Astronomers and Mathematicians would be described by the series of modifications and superposing of star like shapes with six, eight, ten, or even twelve points. With these kinds of designs which has countless foci, constitutes an invitation to meditate. Moral System Islam has done a really good job of creating base for Human rights all through out the world which is not only observed but regard as well, what ever the circumstance may be. Not only do Muslims provide legal safeguards but they also provide and effective moral system.This moral system can be discussed as such Anything that would lead to the welfare of an individual or the welfare of the society is morally good, and such, whatever provides to be evil to the society and its people may be considered as morally bad. Muslims have never claimed the right to call their Moral system to be one of its kind, or a breakthrough when it comes to opposite moral systems, nor did it ever seek to minimize or exaggerate the importance of other moral systems. They address the well know moral virtues with equal importance with regards to its role in the scheme of life.The Muslims wanted to ensure that their sense of holiness overcomes ones selfish desire. May it be literature, science, medicine, astrology, geometry or Alchemy Muslims have indeed made a mark in History. Their culture is rich and has done a great job of influencing other nations, specifically the Western Nations. The Influence was neither forced nor was it intentional. It was the inevitable outcome of two civilizations meeting, mixing and fetching the best from each other at the boundaries of the Muslim encroachment on the Christian Civilization in Europe.

Principal Intern Essay

As I embarked into this higher education path I wanted nix more(prenominal) than to be an administrator of an Elementary or Middle School in Texas. I was adapted to even en mess myself in the teach dominion I currently work in work(a)s in school administration at cardinal of the schools I aim taught at. I was rose-cheeked on my internship year to pay the position of being the instructional technology facilitator and was adequate to ease more in depth with the administrators of my campus and catch out the in and outs of the administration expression of the school.Looking at e very(prenominal)(a) of this and having experienced it I am outright thinking I am leaning towards more working towards becoming a department head or maybe the head of a academic department for the district. I am hoping the first step to this pass on be to find the department head for fifth grade on my campus and then moving towards becoming the English Language Arts and Reading department hea d. Eventually eitherplace time I hope to move into a more Reading Specialist position for a campus or even possibly a district. My ultimate goal is to move into the administration building and become a curriculum director for a district.As a attraction I hope to gain m all things to my employees and supply like being stronger leaders in the classrooms, stronger instructors, and being able to clothe schoolchilds for spacious term success. I have alship canal wanted since I entered education to see the intercept result of my students to be a positive one and love to see the academic growth my students picture everywhere the tendency of a school year. I think that being able to show teachers and module how to be and become strong leaders in the classrooms will help to majorly accomplish this goal. For me a leader is someone who lis decenniums and empowers its learners to learn in a way that fits their consume personal needs and not ineluctably the needs of the teacher themselves.I in any case think that exploitation these techniques it will help teachers to become stronger educators in life and in the long run. Helping teachers, undecomposed like students, create a solid plungeation is a gigantic way to start them in the right direction and therefore it will be easier for them to lead themselves one day. And finally I would love to see in teachers, like I do with my students, long term success over the course of a year, two years and even ten years as they grow academically with the students. In Texas we ar constantly changing the way things atomic number 18 being tested and handled. Being able to be a leader that is open to those changes will help me to accomplish my goals to the vanquish of my ability while creating successful teachers and students.Reflective PracticeIn the beginning of these courses wistful opus did not seem to be an influential part of my knowledge plow as a student myself. In my own classroom I did not consumpt ion much reflective musical composition for my students beca expend I saw it as time that I could be victimisation on something else tied to the content. passim the courses related to my masters degree through Lamar University I have had to reflect in every course on what I conditioned throughout the class. At first I was skeptical closely the reflective theme merely as the course progressed I realized that by writing reflectively I was able to take the course material and transpose it into my own words. This helped me to have a gain ground understanding of what I learned and coif it my own.One of the heart and soulful things that I quality I should have walked away from these courses is that the best way to become a leader is to create ownership for the faculty, and I relate that to reflective writing. In my reflective writing I am walking away with a star of ownership from my courses, and this helps to realize the main facts of what the course was around. Reflective writing instantaneously has a unseasoned meaning to me it is now more of me creating my own ownership to the material pre moveed in the course. I have even now find myself using reflective writing more and more in my own classroom and determination it a useful tool to assess what the students are walking away from my lessons with. To me reflective writing is a great tool to check students understanding of what was taught and what was learned.Reflective writing has had a significant influence on my practice currently in my classroom. Instead of using traditional quizzes and test I find myself using more reflective writings in my own classroom. It is a great form of writing to use to allow the students to use their own words to explain what they have learned in the classroom. In my here afterward I plan on using reflective writing more and more in a leadership role for my module to obtain preparation on how well the school is operating and working as a team.I feel that if my cu rrent jumper lead employ more reflective writing in our faculty meetings then he would have a better understanding of what is going on inside the campus. When I am a head teacher with my own campus I plan on using reflective writing responses in order to check if my faculty walked away from staff developments with what was intended for them to learn and to also make sure that the training was rough-and-ready or not to use on our campus. I would also like to lend oneself a feedback motion that involves reflective writing, which will allow staff to act to any procedures applyed on campus that might need to be adjusted.By using this reflective writing shape in the coming(prenominal) I can make sure that my staff walks away with the experience they need in staff developments and in-services. This will prove to be an useful form of feedback for me and reflection on what skills they acquired. In Examining what we do to Improve our Schools Tool 8.1 the CARE Model Planning Tool uses four move to address change for the future the final step Evaluate allows the staff to reflective on the prior(prenominal) steps they have created (Harris). In this process the staff or administrator is to take steps into identifying and closure problems they are facing on campus. The first three steps are steps on how to implement and strategize the problem at hand.The fourth step in the CARE Model is to identify the best ways to evaluate the utilise recommendations which is a way for the person(s) making the decisions can reflect on what they have created. In the same book Tool 8.2 (Harris) provides a list of reflective type questions to be answered to examine school improvement. These are great questions to guide someones reflection or at the very least jump start their reflection process so they have a starting point. An example of one of the questions take aimed in Tool 8.2 is What am I doing to sustain improvement? These types of questions allow me as a future admini strator to use for myself and others to reflect upon what we are doing as a team to create positive school improvement. efficiency DevelopmentDOMAIN I School Community Leadership force 001- The maven knows how to specify campus culture by facilitating the development, articulation, implementation, and stewardship of a vision of learning that is assignd and supported by the school community.In this energy I learned many things on how to create a vision for my campus and how to make it happen. I found it is not only primary(prenominal) to make your school have a vision or just a common goal unless the process of getting to that vision is equally important. Competency 001 is the foundation for that solid house you want to build, without the foundation a house will eventually exceed and break, just like a school would without a solid foundation. As a leader of my campus it is my occupation to look into creating a climate that promotes higher take aim thinking and direction. W hen I do obtain my own campus I will be using this competency to fix that higher expectations are required. It is not just enough to create higher standards and expect people to follow them it is equally important to create them in such a way that they can become obtained.In order to make these goals and visions obtainable and accessible it is important not to just let one person make these decisions, but to allow all stakeholders to have a say in the creation and implementation of them. I found throughout all of my courses that the most important factoring in leading your staff and students in any direction is the ownership that they have in the school. It is important that all stakeholders have a clear understanding that each ships corporation involved was and is clearly represented. I know that I feel better implementing a plan that I took part in plan or know someone in the plan that had my best interests and the students best interests at heart.I found myself spending 23 ho urs on this competency with my principal and assistant principal. The majority of the time was spent prior to school helping the committees to specialise up the vision and goals. We then revisited the vision in the middle of the school year to adjust to the changes our campus faces. It was also important that my principal have me sit in on grade level meetings to see if each grade level had a clear understanding of what the vision meant for them and what it looked like in their classrooms and for their students. I would say in this subsection of the domains I believe that I am walking away with the most mastery because of all of the certain hands on time I got to spend working with my campus vision and missions.Competency 002The principal knows how to elapse and collaborate with all members of the school community, responds to diverse interests and needs, and mobilizes resources to promote student success.In this section I learned the importance of correctly communicating with a ll staff, students, and community stakeholders for my campus. Although it was difficult at times to get parents to carry and participate at school functions I was able to learn a lot about the process of correctly communicating with them. I was able to assist in almost every letter we sent home with students explaining our events. We not only had to have a copy in English but we also had to translate all letters in Spanish as well. Over the course of the year, logging over seven hours, as paper became more and more precious I was able to focus more on call outs over the phone system and also to work on maintaining accurate information on the schools website. I had a bit of the upper hand in comparison to others in these course because I was able to find ways through our website to communicate effectively with the community. In our many multicultural events we held on campus (Hispanic Heritage Art Contest, Black History Writing Contest, Math Night, and Science Night) I was able to h ave exposure to the positive effect it has on students through multicultural awareness.On this competency I spent around seven hours of internship time (I believe more logged hours were possible). Another wonderful thing I learned during this lesson was how to correctly manage school wide communication that took place on campus. I was very fortunate to have a very supportive principal who was willing to take me under her cowcatcher and allow playing a huge role in all activities on the campus. My principal perpetually told me anything you would not say out loud make sure you do not put it in writing. She taught me through example and doing how to effectively write and create e-mails to be sent to the staff. I know now the importance of tone in my writing to ensure the way the e-mail is received it is received correctly.Competency 003The principal knows how to act with integrity, fairness, and in an ethical and legal manner.One of the most memorable things I will walk away from thi s course is the question to always ask myself Is the decision to the question in the best interest of the child(ren)? My mentors (principal, assistant principal, counselor, veteran teachers) taught me this valuable lesson that any decision, no matter the size, has to have the students best interest at heart. This is a great way to keep you in check to make sure you are being ethical and act with integrity in everyday decisions as a campus administrator. The legal portion of this competency comes with the knowledge of making sure to follow all state guidelines set for by the Texas Education Agency. One of the best ways I found to make sure you are following the rules legally is to ask questions. My internship supervisor, Sherry Gore through my eighteen internship hours, taught me to never be afraid to ask questions or research the answer in the lead making a decision.The way she taught me this was not in a direct manner but more indirectly. By demonstrating to me on topics that she was unfamiliar with how she asked other principals or administrators to bring in her problems I learned his valuable lesson. With the ever changing ways of education in the State of Texas, and the hoidenish for that matter, it is important for an administrator to make sure they are up to date with all their knowledge about the laws concerning the education of the children in their school. It is also the responsibility of the principal to make sure their staff knows about any changes in laws and procedures. Making sure the staff knows of these changes it will make the transition to the new ones a streamlined one for their campus and thus make the impact less stressful on the children.DOMAIN II instructional LeadershipCompetency 004The principal knows how to facilitate the design and implementation of curricula and strategic plans that enhance teaching and learning ensure alignment of curriculum, instruction, resources, and assessments and promote the use of varied assessments to m easure student performance.One of the major witnessing to competency 004 was that of how our campus was having year after year to adjust to its ever growing numbers of bilingual and ESL students on our campus. apiece year we a faced with the challenge of how to adjust to the growing numbers not only with resources but also with the staffing of these new positions needed. In all campus purchases, technology or academic workbooks, we find ourselves looking as administrators on the campus at what kind of Spanish and ESL supplements were available and how well they will work for our students needs.I found it very interesting in choosing our new reading textbooks in how diverse the Spanish supplements are for the different adoptions. As a person on the committee, logging over twenty-three internship hours, for our school to help us choose our next adoption it was made very clear to us at the beginning of the process that we needed to make sure we are considering not only the English po rtion of the textbook but the ESL materials are equally important.I knew going into it that the ESL supplements were important but it never crossed my mind how important it is to our campus. With my campus being one of two bilingual campuses it was important to my principal that our vote was heard at the district level when choosing the newest adoptions. The next step in this was implementing a new reading textbook while adjusting to the new district wide curriculum CSCOPE. It was my principals job to make sure that all of her staff was well aware of how to use the materials regulationd by the district for our new instructional focus always tutelage the students best interests at heart when training the teachers to give for our school year of academic success.Competency 005The principal knows how to advocate, nurture, and sustain an instructional program and a campus culture that are conducive to student learning and staff professional growth.All too often there is going to be a change in policy or educational law, and with these changes there is always going to be changes in educational practices that have proven to be effective. The older methods of teaching are not necessarily the best methods to be used to reach the students of 2011. This competency ensures that the principal keep up with the best practices and methods out in the world to use for the success of our students and staff. This includes making sure that the staff is up to date on the latest practices in teaching in new and exciting ways to reach children. I spent close to twenty-one hours working with my principal and instructional facilitators to ensure that our campus had what we needed to implement new teaching practices in our classrooms.This section requires a lot of research into the newest needs of the students and then the needs of the staff to meet those needs. One example of a staff development that I was part of implementing with the principal and instructional facilitators was wh en we had to move into a new online lesson planning system. This system was completely online and making paper lesson plans not necessary. It was my responsible to make sure the staff was develop in how to use this new system to its full potential. I had to attend training provided by the company ht owned the software as well as district training to show me how to show the staff how to use this new system. It was essential that the staff knew how to implement this program because it was soon to become a mandate by the district to improve district lesson plan sharing throughout the entire district. The essential great thing for the teachers was that of making teachers resources more readily available to district employees across the district.Competency 006The principal knows how to implement a staff evaluation and development system to improve the performance of all staff members, choose and implement appropriate models for supervision and staff development, and apply the legal req uirements for personnel management.With this area I feel I need a little more practice, and that is my fault in the internship hours and plan. I do nevertheless plan on using my current principal to help me to understand the evaluation process of a staff member. With only putting in eight hours into this area of focus I feel that I need to focus more on the PDAS system. I know the system as a teacher but I feel I need to works towards better understanding of the administrator side of the evaluations. I did focus my attention on part of this aspect as determining the needs of the staff and creating a staff development for the staff to grow from. With the help of the assessment specialist on my campus I found that we as a staff needed more focus on how to properly prepare the kids to take tests for a long period of time.We gathered information and tips for the staff to use while preparing the students for their long awaited TAKS tests. We then used a simple evaluation survey at the e nd of the training to evaluate the effectiveness of the training to meet the needs of the teachers and students. We produced a lot of reflective time for teachers to share their own experiences in the classroom that allowed students to work to their best potential. With the knowledge of the results of the survey we used the knowledge we gained to conduce follow mini-trainings to assess the needs of the staff after they implemented the practices. The reason we conducted the mini-follow ups was because of the survey evaluation at the end of the training said they enjoy the trainings we have but they need further help after we implement the training in our classrooms.Competency 007The principal knows how to apply organizational, decision-making, and problem solving skills to ensure an effective learning environment.Spending close to eighteen hours working on this competency it clear to see that this competency is an important one in relationship to the effectiveness of a campus. One m ajor thing I learned from my principal was that you need to be organized enough to make sure you put together a quality interview to ensure that you put together a quality staff. I was fortunate enough to be able to sit in the interview process of one of our future teachers. The before part of the process was the preparation in getting ready for the interview, my principal using the Gallup interview process so she must be organized and ready.During the interview quality questions prove to be the most effective in choosing future staff members. Following the interview there is a debriefing with the hiring committee to ensure that the newest staff member would be a good fit for our campus and our students. We then moved onto working with the staff and interviewing them on what needs to be improved on campus. The next step in this process for my principal and I was to look towards the staff and see how well they internalized or resisted change in our continuous improvements implemente d at the campus. We had to look at what changes were the best for the students as a whole and the needs of our at chance students.